X-ray

X-ray li ne li sibolloa ke WK Roentgen ka 1895 ho le reha X-ray. Lilemong tse peli tse latelang, rasaense ameha ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bona. Nakong ena, pele ba ile ba bōptjoa methapo X-ray. Ba mohloli o tloaelehileng haholo oa mahlaseli.

Ho 'nile ha senola hore ka thata X-ray li khona ho phunyeletse e sa tšoaneng thepa, hammoho le bonolo dinama tse nyenyane tse ea batho. The ha e le hantle e qetellang ka potlako fumana kopo ka moriana.

Ho sibolloa ha X-ray tšoaroa ha a ntse a tlhokomelo ea bo-rasaense ba lefatšeng ka bophara. E latelang ka mor'a ho sibolloa bona, e le mosebetsi ka thuto ea bona le tšebeliso e ile ea hatisoa.

rasaense ba bangata a ithuta thepa ea X-ray.

J .. Stokes bolela esale pele lintho tsa tlhaho bona motlakase, ho e se e ile a tiisa experimentally Charles Barkley, eo le eena o ile a bula le karohanyo. Jeremane borathutamahlale Knipping, Friedrich, Laue diffraction senola (sa liketsahalo tse amanang le ho kheloha ho tswa boikatiso rectilinear). Ka 1913, ho ikemetseng ho tloha nngwe le e nngwe tse ling tse le Bragg Wolfe sibolla mabapi e bonolo pakeng tsa wavelength, diffraction angle le sebaka se pakeng tsa lifofane tsa boahelani athomo ka kristale ka. Mosebetsi oohle oa ka holimo thehoa motheong oa mehaho X-ray hlahlojoe. Sebedisa spectra bakeng and analysis elemental ya lintho tse bonahalang tse o ile a qala ka 20s ea. Ka ntshetsopele ya ho ithuta le ho sebelisa mahlaseli a phetha karolo e khōlō Physico-Technical Institute, e neng e thehiloe A. F. Ioffe.

The atileng ka ho fetisisa mohloding toloki ke X-ray tube,. Leha ho le joalo, mehloli ba ka 'na ba motho ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi isotopes. Ka tsela eo le leng ka ho toba emit X-ray, le tse ling tse mahlaseli a nyutlelie (a likaroloana-kapa dieleketerone) emitting mahlaseli bombard tšepe phofung. Tube na le haholo tse kholoanyane mahlaseli matla ho feta mehloli ea isotopic. Nako e le nngwe, ka boholo, theko, boima ba 'mele ho tloha mehloli isotopic hole ka tlase ho le tlhomamiso tube,.

Mehloli ea bonolo X-ray e ka ba synchrotrons le kganna elektronike. Tiisetso ya synchrotron mahlaseli ka ditaelo tse peli kapa tse tharo tsa boholo bo boholo ho feta mahlaseli tube, ka mefuta e fapaneng ya sebakeng se itseng.

Mehloli ea tlhaho, e leng emit X-ray kenyeletsa Sun le lintho tse ling tse ka bokahohle bo hlophisehileng le.

Ho ya ka mokgwa wa ketsahalo ea mohlapo spectra maphelong a bona ka 'na bath (busa) le Brake (tsoelang pele).

Tabeng ea bobeli, X-ray a manyenyane ntša ke likaroloana itima lijo (qosoa) ka lebaka la thibelo ea bona ho tshebetso ya ho sebelisana le liathomo tsa hlaseloa.

Line mohlapo e hlahisoang ka lebaka la ionization athomo le elektrone ejection tswa e mong oa likhetla tsa athomo ka. ketsahalo ena e ka 'na ka lebaka la ho thulana ka,' me ba itime lijo 'athomo likaroloana, ho etsa mohlala, le elektrone e (mathomo X-ray), kapa athomo absorption ea photon, le (khanyang X-ray).

Sebelisana mahlaseli le taba ka bopa le phello e gonorrheal eo tsamaea absorption bona kapa dissipation. ketsahalo ena e hlokometse nyeoeng ea moo absorption ea photon, le athomo e ntša le pele e mong oa dieleketerone hare. Ho ka 'na ka nako eo etsahala ka radiative phetoho le mohlapo oa bath athomo photon, mohlapo kapa ejection tsa elektrone ea bobeli ka phetoho radiationless.

Tlas'a tšusumetso ea e X-ray kristale nonmetallic (mohlala, lefika letsoai) ka bang nodes ka lekhoakhoa athomo ea ions thehoa, le e eketsehileng qoso e ntle, 'me a le haufi le tsona ho na le dieleketerone feteletseng.