Protein rarahaneng: boikemisetso, sebopeho, sebopeho, sebopeho, mesebetsi, tlhophiso le characterization. ke phapang e bonolo liprotheine tloha rarahaneng eng?

A protheine e rarahaneng, ka ntle ho protheine motsoako ka boeona e kenyelletsa ditokiseletso sehlopha se ka tlatsetso ya mofuta o fapaneng (prosthetic). E le karolo ena ke lik'habohaedreite, lipids, tšepe, litlhaka kahare ea phosphoric acid e, acid e nucleic. ke phapang liprotheine e bonolo ho tloha rarahaneng, ka seo mefuta eohle ea aroloa dintho tsena seo, 'me seo ke litšobotsi tse ba bona, sehlooho sena se tla bolella. Phapang ka sehloohong pakeng tsa lintho tse ka potso - sebopeho bona.

Rarahaneng liprotheine: Tlhaloso

Sena se lintho tse bonahalang tse peli-motsoako, tse akarelletsang e bonolo protheine (liketane peptide) le lintho tse bonahalang bao e seng proteinaceous (prosthetic sehlopha). Ka tshebetso ya ho hydrolysis acid e amino ba thehoa, 'me batho bao e seng protheine karolo e itseng ea lihlahisoa tsa li bole kapele'. ke phapang e bonolo liprotheine tloha rarahaneng eng? Pele e na feela ea-amino acid.

The tlhophiso le characterization liprotheine rarahaneng

dintho tsena di arotsoe ka mefuta e itšetlehile ka mofuta oa lihlopha tse eketsehileng. Bakeng sa liprotheine rarahaneng kenyeletsa:

• Glycoproteins - lihaha-'mele, limolek'hule tsa tsona li na le k'habohaedreite moiety. Har'a bona ke proteoglycans (dikarolo intercellular sebaka), ho akarelletsa le ka sebopeho lona mucopolysaccharides. Bakeng sa immunoglobulins ke glycoproteins.
• Lipoproteins di na le dipegelo e lipid motsoako. Tsena li akarelletsa apolipoproteins, ho phetha ho sebetsa ha ho etsa bonnete ba ho tsamaisa lipid.
• Metalloproteins na le tšepe ions (koporo, a mankanese a, tšepe, joalo-joalo), a amahanya ka tsela e sebelisana mofani-acceptor. sehlopha sena e sa kenyeletse heme liprotheine se se akaretsang profirinovogo lesale komponeng le tšepe, 'me ho joaloka ka sebōpeho sa motsoako (chlorophyll, ka ho khetheha).
• Nucleoproteins - liprotheine le litlamo bao e seng covalent le acid nucleic (DNA, RNA). Tsena li akarelletsa chromatin - the karolo ea chromosomes.
• 5. Fosfoproteidy, tse akarelletsang casein (rarahaneng protheine Curd) kenyeletsa litlhaka kahare covalently amahanngoa ea acid e phosphoric.

• Chromoproteins coloration kopanyang le karolo prosthetic. sehlopha sena se akarelletsa heme lihaha-'mele, chlorophylls le flavoproteins.

Features ya glycoproteins le proteoglycans

liprotheine tsena ke lintho tse rarahaneng. Proteoglycans na le karoloana e khōlō ea lik'habohaedreite (80-85%), tloaelehileng glycoprotein dikahare ke 15-20%. acid Uronic ba teng feela ka proteoglycans molek'hule, lik'habohaedreite li fapana ka kamehla sebopeho pheta diyuniti tsa bona. ke sebopeho le mosebetsi wa liprotheine rarahaneng, glycoproteins eng? k'habohaedreite liketane tsa bona kenyeletsa diyuniti 15 feela le na le sebopeho tsoeng. The k'habohaedreite dibopeho tsa glycoproteins buisana le karolo protheine ka tloaelo ke ka tsela litlhaka kahare amino acid e kang serine kapa asparagine.

Mesebetsi ya glycoproteins:

• E leng karolo ea leboteng baktheria seleng, lesapo connective dinama tse nyenyane tse le lefufuru, collagen lika-liketsa ka likhoele tsa elastin.
• Phetha karolo ea ho sireletsa. Mohlala, sebopeho sena se na le lisireletsi, interferons, lintlha mali hoama (prothrombin, fibrinogen).
• Na receptors hore sebelisana le effector - e nyenyane bao e seng protheine molek'hule. Ho qetela, ikopanya le protheine, ho etsa hore ho fetola conformation lona, e leng e isa e itseng e le karabelo intracellular.
• Ho phetha mosebetsi hormonal. Ho bua ka glycoprotein gonadotropin, thyroid-Stimulating Hormone le adrenocorticotropic.
• Ntho tsamaisoa ka mali le ions mose ho lera seleng ea (transferrin, transcortin, albumin, Na +, K + -ATPase).

Ke glycoprotein enzyme kenyeletsa cholinesterase le nuclease.

More ka proteoglycans

Ka tloaelo ho proteoglycan rarahaneng protheine e kenyelletsa ka sebopeho lona kgolo k'habohaedreite ketane le pheta litlhaka kahare disaccharide entsoeng ka acid e ea uronic le aminosugar. Oligo- kapa polysaccharide liketane bitsoa glycans. Pele hangata e na le 2-10 diyuniti monomer.

Ho itšetlehile ka sebōpeho sa liketane le k'habohaedreite secrete mefuta bona e fapaneng, mohlala, heteropolysaccharides asiti le lihlopha tse ngata asiti kapa glycosaminoglycan nang lihlopha amino. Ea bobeli e kenyeletsa:

• asiti Hyaluronic, e leng e sebelisoa ka mafolofolo litlolo.
• Heparin, e thibela mali hoama.
• Keratan sulfate - dikarolo tsa lefufuru le cornea.
• Chondroitin sulfates ke karolo ea lefufuru le mokelikeli mokelikeling.

Tsena polymers - dikarolo proteoglycan hore tlale sebaka intercellular, a boloke metsi, loetsa litsepe le likarolo e etsoang ka mechine manonyello, ho dikarolo tsa bona mehaho. Hydrophilicity (solubility molemo metsi) proteoglycans lumella hore ba ka sebaka sa intercellular ho bopa sitisa ho limolek'hule tse khōlō le microorganisms. Ka thuso ea bona bopa popeho gelled ka eo likhoele koahetsoe liprotheine tse ling tsa bohlokoa, tse kang collagen. lihlopha tsa hae tikolohong proteoglycan na sebopeho sa sefate.

Features le mefuta ya lipoproteins

Lipoprotein rarahaneng protheine e na le hantle bitsa kopanetsoe hydrophilic le hydrophobic tlhaho. Ea mantlha molek'hule (hydrophobic karolo) theha esters bao e seng Polar ea k'holeseterole e le triacylglycerides.

Ntle le zounu ya hydrophilic lokisetsa protheine fella phospholipids, k'holeseterole e. Ho na le mefuta e sa tsoaneng e 'maloa ea lipoproteins liprotheine ho itšetlehile ka sebopeho bona.

The litlelase ka sehloohong ea lipoproteins:

• Rarahaneng phahameng segokanyipalo protheine (HDL, α-lipoprotein). Susumelletsa k'holeseterole ho sebete 'me lisele tse pheriferale.
• Tlaase segokanyipalo (LDL, β-lipoproteins). Ho phaella ho k'holeseterole e isoa triacylglycerides le phospholipids.
• Haholo tlaase segokanyipalo (VLDL, pele ho β-lipoprotein). A etsa mosebetsi ka tsela e tšoanang ho LDL.
• Chylomicrons (CM). Tsamaisa acid tse mafura le k'holeseterole e ho tswa ho intestine mora ja lijo.

Vascular bolwetse tse kang arteriosclerosis, tlisoang ke ho sa lokang karo-karolelano ea mefuta e fapaneng ya lipoproteins maling. Ke characterization tsa sebopeho ka senoloa 'maloa phetoho mekhoa phospholipids sebopeho (ho tloha HDL ho chylomicron): fokotsa palo ea protheine (80 ho ea ho 10%),' me phospholipids, triacylglycerides Peresente keketseho e (20 ho ea ho 90%).

Har'a ba bangata bohlokoa enzyme, metalloproteins

Metalloproteins ka kenyelletsa ions multiple tšepe. boteng ba bona e ama dikamano tsa substrate ka mafolofolo nakong (catalytic) saeteng ya potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le. Metal ions ba sebakeng setšeng mafolofolo le phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho ba itšoara joang catalytic. Ion hangata e sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le elektrone acceptor.

Mehlala ea tšepe e ne e ena ka sebōpeho sa potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale metalloproteins:

• Koporo e kenyelelitsoe a cytochrome dihydrobenzophenanthridine, eo, hammoho le heme e na le e Ion tsa tšepe ena. The potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho akarelletsa le sebōpeho sa ATP ka ketane ho hema.
• Tšepe e na le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale tse kang ferritin, tšepe o etsa ka wa tsenya mosebetsi ka seleng; transferrin - ka microcyteme le ea tšepe maling; catalase itsoara joang ka ea ikarabellang bakeng sa neutralization ea peroxide hydrogen.
• Zinki - tšepe, e leng tšobotsi bakeng sa ho noa joala e amehang ka ho kena moea oa ethanol 'me alcohols tšoanang; lactate dehydrogenase - e potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho metabolism ea acid e lactic; k'habone anhydrase eo catalyzes sebopeho sa acid e le k'habone ho tloha CO ₂ le H ₂ O; alkaline phosphatase, o etsa hydrolytic bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa esters phosphate le metsoako e sa tšoaneng; α2-macroglobulin - antiproteazny mali protheine.
• Selenium ke karolo thyroperoxidase kopanela sebopeho sa li-hormone thyroid; glutathione peroxidase, a sebetsa e le mosebetsi antioxidant.
• K'halsiamo ke bath bakeng sa sebopeho sa α-amylase - hydrolytic potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale bokaholimo ba matsoele starch.

phosphoprotein

Karolo eo ea rarahaneng protheine phosphoprotein? Bakeng sa sehlopha sena tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ha phosphate sehlopha, e leng ho amahanngoa le ho le protheine moiety ka tsela e amino acid e ka hydroxyl sehlopha (tyrosine, serine kapa threonine). Eng acid e phosphoric, ha a ntse a le sebōpeho sa protheine le? Ho fetola sebopeho ea limolek'hule, ho fana e le tefo, eketsa solubility, e ama thepa ea protheine ena. Mehlala ke phosphoprotein casein le albumin lehe lebese, empa haholo-holo ho sehlopha sa liprotheine rarahaneng ke enzyme.

Phosphate sehlopha phetha bohlokoa tshebetso seabo, e le liprotheine tse ngata tse amanang le eona hase ka ho sa feleng. Ka gorole le ka nako eohle tšebetso phosphorylation le dephosphorylation etsahala. Ka lebaka leo, molao oa tsamaiso o etsoang ho tsoa e liprotheine le. Ka mohlala, haeba ho histones - liprotheine amahanngoa le nucleic acid tsoela ka boemo phosphorylated, ka nako eo mosebetsi oa liphatsa tsa lefutso (e ka lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso) eketsa. Ke phosphorylation itšetlehile ka mosebetsi oa enzyme tse kang glycogen trehalohydrolase le glycogen phosphorylase.

nucleoprotein

Nucleoproteins - liprotheine amahanngoa le acid nucleic. Ba - karolo ea bohlokoa ea polokelo le molao oa tsamaiso ea lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso, mosebetsi oa ribosomes, ho phetha ho sebetsa ha tswakana protheine. Foromo e bonolo ea bophelo ba kokoana-hloko ka bitsoa ribo- le dezoksiribonukleoproteinami, kaha ba akarelletsa ho lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso le liprotheine.

E le sebelisana ea acid e deoxyribonucleic (DNA) le histone? Ka chromatin thōko tse peli tsa mofuta liprotheine tse amanang le DNA (histone le batho bao e seng histone). Bohato ba pele ba ho ameha ka compaction ea pele ea DNA. nucleic acid e molek'hule e sothile pota liprotheine ho theha nucleosomes. Khoele thehoa e tšoanang le lifaha, na ha thehoa supercoiled sebopeho (chromatin fibril) le supercoil (genonema interphase). Ke ketso ea liprotheine histone le liprotheine tsa maemo e phahameng ho fana ka phokotso ka DNA litekanyo ka makhetlo a likete. Ho lekaneng ha ho bapisa boholo ba chromosome le nucleic acid e bolelele, ho hlahloba bohlokoa ba liprotheine (6-9 cm, le 6,10 microns, ka ho latellana).

ke chromoproteins seo

Chromoproteins na le lihlopha tse fapa-fapaneng haholo eo ba momahane feela ke ntho e le nngwe - ho ba teng ha mebala e ka karolo prosthetic. liprotheine rarahaneng ka sehlopha sena li arotsoe ka: hemoproteins (e na le heme sebopeho) retinalproteiny (vithamine A), flavoproteins (vithamine B2), kobamidproteiny (vithamine B12).

Hemoproteins classified ho ea ka mesebetsi ka enzymatic bao e seng (mioglobinovy haemoglobin le protheine) le enzyme (cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases).

Flavoproteins na ka derivatives prosthetic motsoako oa vithamine ea B2, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) kapa flavin adenine dinucleotide (feshene). enzyme tsena li boetse li akarelletsa lengths redox. Tsena li akarelletsa oxidoreductases.

cytochromes ke eng?

Joalokaha ho ne ho hlalositsoeng ka holimo, ho na le heme porphyrin. sebopeho lona na le masale a mane pyrrole, le divalent tšepe. A sehlopha se khethehileng sa heme enzyme - cytochromes, a fapaneng ka amino acid e hlophisoa 'me palo ea liketane peptide, khetheha ho phetha redox itsoara joang ka, ka lebaka la ho e fanoeng ke elektrone phetiso ka le ketane ho hema. enzyme tsena tse amehang ka microsomal ho kena moea - liphetoho pele ea biotransformation xenobiotic, ea isang ho rengwa bona le metabolism tsa dintho tse ngata e se nang sesosa le exogenous, tse kang steroid, ba phelelang ho mafura acid.

E le hantle prosthetic sehlopha

Prosthetic sehlopha, e leng karolo ea protheine rarahaneng ama thepa lona: ho fetola qoso ea eona, solubility, thermoplasticity. Ka mohlala, ketso e joalo na litlhaka kahare ea acid e phosphoric kapa monosaccharides. The k'habohaedreite karolo kenyelelitsoe e rarahaneng ea protheine eo, sireletsa e tsoa ho e proteolysis (timetsoa ke hydrolysis) ama ho kenella ka hare ea limolek'hule ka lera seleng, secretion bona le ho hlopha. The lipid moiety lumella protheine ho bopa metjha e bakeng sa ho tsamaisa ba hampe metsi qhibilihang ka har'a metsoako (hydrophobic).

Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa liprotheine rarahaneng ba itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka sehlopha prosthetic. Ka mohlala, ho sebelisa tšepe-e nang le heme ka haemoglobin oksijene tlamme le hlaha le carbon dioxide. Ka lebaka nucleoproteins thehoa ke sebelisana tsa histones, protamines le DNA kapa RNA etsahalang ho sireletsa lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso, a polokelo lona diseke ee, tshebetso ya ho tlama tsa RNA ho tswakana protheine. Nucleoproteins bitsoa mehahong tsitsitseng liprotheine le acid nucleic.

bofello

Kahoo, liprotheine rarahaneng na le tse fapa-fapaneng e khōlō ea mesebetsi ka 'mele. Ka lebaka leo, tshebediso ya macro- le micronutrients e le habohlokoa hakaale bakeng sa bophelo bo botle. Tšepe e leng karolo ea enzyme tse ngata. Ho tseba Biochemistry, haholo-holo bophelo bo botle le boemo ba tikoloho ba lula teng, o ka lokisa ho Mokhoa oa matla a lona. Ka mohlala, tšimong ea ka thōko, tšoauoa ka khaello ea elements e. ho kena hae eketsehileng ka lijo ka mokgwa ho sebelisoe dumella buseletsa bakeng sa ho haella ka.