Lisele respiration le tala. Aerobiki respiration lisele

Tala le respiration - dithulaganyo tse peli tse leng sesosa bophelo. Ka bobeli ba hlaha ka seleng. Pele - ka semela 'me ba bang ea baktheria, ea bobeli -' me ka liphoofolo le ka dimela le fungal, 'me baktheria.

Re ka bolela hore lisele respiration le tala - dithulaganyo ba hanyetsang e mong le tse ling. Har'a tse ling, sena e nepahetse, kaha oksijene pele ananelang le lokolloa carbon dioxide, 'me ka bobeli - ho fapana le hoo. Leha ho le joalo, e hlophisitsweng, tsena tse peli li hantle ke ke ea bapisoa le ha li ntse li hlaha ka ho organelles fapaneng sebelisa dintho fapaneng. merero ea ka tseo ba li hlokang, haholo, ke e fapaneng: tala hloka bakeng sa limatlafatsi tse ngata, 'me respiration lisele - bakeng sa matla.

Tala: moo hona see se etsahala?

Sena itsoara joang ka lik'hemik'hale ikemiseditse ho fumana dintho manyolo ho tloha inorganic. lisengisi ya yambo mpenza A ke ho ba teng ha phallo tala khanya ea letsatsi, ho tloha eneji, le lona sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le sethothetsi ka.

Tala bath ya dimela ho ka bontšoa ka abel tse latelang:

• 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Ke hore, ka likhoeli tse tseletseng limolek'hule carbon dioxide e le palo e tšoanang ea limolek'hule metsi ka ho ba teng ha letsatsi le semela le ka fumana molek'hule e 'ngoe ea tsoekere le tse tsheletseng oksijene.

Sena ke mohlala bonolo ya tala. Hape tsoekere ea phaellana le tse ling tse ka tsa maiketsetso ka dimela, e rarahaneng ho feta lik'habohaedreite, hammoho le lintho tse phelang ho tswa ho litlelase tse ling.

Mona ke mohlala oa tlhahiso ea-amino acid metsoako inorganic:

• 6SO ₂ + 4H ₂ O + 2SO ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

E le ka bonoa, limolek'hule tse tšeletseng tsa carbon dioxide, e limolek'hule metsi a mane, tse peli tsa ions sulfate, nitrate ions, tse peli le tse tšeletseng tse ions hydrogen ts'ebelisong matla a letsatsi ka fumanoa limolek'hule tse peli tsa cysteine le leshome le metso e meraro - oksijene.

Tala thulaganyou e etsahala organelles khethehileng - chloroplasts. Ba na le le pigment chlorophyll, e sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le sethothetsi tsa lik'hemik'hale. organelles tsena fumanoa feela ka lisele tse semela.

Sebōpeho sa chloroplast ho

organelle ena, e nang le sebopeho o molelele o bolo. chloroplast boholo tloaelo 4-6 microns, empa ka ba bang ba lisele tse dimelametsing ka lemoha plastids senatla - chromatophores, eo boholo e 50 microns.

Sena se bolela ho organelle dvuhmembrannym. E pota-potiloe ke likhetla le ka ntle le ka hare. Ba ba aroloa ho mong le e sebaka tse ling tse intermembrane.

Tikoloho ka hare tsa chloroplast tsejoang e le "stroma". E na le thylakoids le lamellae.

Thylakoids - e sephara disk e bōpehileng joaloka sacs tsa lera, e leng chlorophyll. Sena ke moo tala e bang teng. Kena mekgobo, thylakoids theha grana. Number thylakoids ka lintšing e ka fapana ho ea 3 ho ea ho 50.

Lamellae - mohaho kapa lera la. Ba emela se makala a metjha e marangrang bao mathomo mosebetsi - ho fana ka kamano e teng pakeng lifahleho.

Ka chloroplasts hape na ribosomes bona ho hlokahala hore tswakana protheine, 'me DNA ea eona e le RNA. Ho phaella moo, ho na le ka 'na ba inclusions, e bopilweng ka limatlafatsi Phetolo, haholo-holo starch.

respiration lisele

Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea tshebetso ena. Ke anaerobic le aerobiki respiration lisele. The bath ea pele ea libaktheria. Anaerobic respiration ke tsa mefuta e 'maloa: nitrate ka, sulphate, sebabole, tšepe, carbonate, fumarate. dithulaganyo tsena lumella baktheria e fumana eneji, le ntle le ho sebelisa oksijene.

Aerobiki respiration lisele ke bath bakeng sa lintho tse ling kaofela, ho akarelletsa liphoofolo le limela. Ho tluoa tabeng le ho kenya letsoho ha oksijene.

Baemedi ba liphoofolo respiration lisele le hlaha ka organelles khethehileng. Ba bitsoa mitochondria. Ka dimela ka respiration lisele le hlaha ka mitochondria ena.

mekhahlelo

Lisele respiration etsahala mehato e meraro:

1. The tsa go baakanyetsa mohato.
2. Glycolysis (anaerobic thulaganyong, ha a hloke oksijene).
3. Ho kena moea (aerobiki sethaleng).

Mohato tsa go baakanyetsa

Mohato oa pele ke hore dintho rarahaneng tsamaisong ea silang lijo li robehileng theoha ka pete. Kahoo, liprotheine tswang-amino acid tloha lipids - acid tse mafura le glycerol, ho tloha lik'habohaedreite rarahaneng - tsoekere. metsoako tsena li tsamaisoa ka seleng, 'me joale - ka ho toba ka mitochondria ena.

glycolysis

Ho itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore tsoekere e enzymatically khomaretse pyruvate le hydrogen liathomo. Ena e bopa ATP (adenosine diphosphate). abel ena ka ho bontšoa ka mokhoa ona:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Kahoo, ka tshebetso ya ho glycolysis mong tsoekere molek'hule 'mele ba ka fumana limolek'hule tse peli tsa ATP.

ho kena moea

Mothating ona, thehoa nakong glycolysis pyruvic acid e enzymatically a leka ho le oksijene ho theha carbon dioxide le hydrogen liathomo. liathomo tsena ebe isoa ho crista moo oxidized ho theha metsi le 36 limolek'hule ATP.

Kahoo, ka tshebetso ya ho respiration lisele hlahisoang ka palo yohle 38 ATP limolek'hule 2 ka Mokhahlelo oa bobeli le 36 - ka la boraro. Adenosine diphosphate le e ka sehloohong mohlodi wa matla, e leng e fana le mitochondria ea sele.

Sebōpeho sa mitochondria ho

Organelles oo respiration etsahala, ho na le ka liphoofolo le ka ba lema 'me lisele tse fungal. Ba rua ka sebopeho chitja le ka boholo ka bang 1 micron.

Mitochondria ka chloroplasts na lera tse pedi arohane ka sebaka intermembrane. Se ka hare ho lera la organelle ea bitsoang popeho. E na le ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) le mtRNK. The popeho tsoela glycolysis le pele mohato ho kena moea.

Ea lera ka hare lemenong li thehoa, tšoanang le maporogo le. Ba ba bitsoa cristae. Mona ke Mokhahlelo oa bobeli oa ho ba sethaleng sa boraro sa respiration lisele. Nakong ea hae thehoa limolek'hule fetisisa ATP.

Origin dvuhmembrannyh organelles

Bo-rasaense ba pakile hore ba dibopeho tse fana ka tala le respiration ne caged ke symbiogenesis. Ke hore, hang e ne e le lintho tse itseng. Sena se hlalosa e le hantle hore ka mitochondria, 'me chloroplasts na ribosomes ipatlele bona, DNA le RNA.