Genotype le phenotype ka saense ea tlhaho, 'me ea sechaba dihlopha

Kajeno bopa dikgopolo tsa tsena tse peli li ne li ho pharaletseng jala libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tsebo, le hoja qalong ho sebelisa ha bona a sebelisa feela ho tšimo ea baeloji. Tlhaloso ya "genotype batho" pele hlaha ka leboha saense phetohelo ho mosebetsi Johanson, ha ka 1909 o ile a sebelisa ho bua ka e rarahaneng ea litšobotsi tse lefa la ntho e phelang. Category "genotype" ke fapaneng ka dikahare ho tloha dikgopolo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le letamo phatsa ea lefutso, kaha e tšoaeang arohaneng disampole tsa likokoana-hloko, 'me phatsa ea lefutso le letamo phatsa ea lefutso ea litšobotsi tse liphatsa tsa lefutso li bontša mefuta e tsa likokoana-hloko.

Dikgopolo tsa genotype le phenotype boetse ho na le e fapaneng. Ha genotype hlalosang feela litšobotsi tse ba bona seo re se futsitseng, e leng ikhethang ho unit trust 'mele ke ho itšetleha lona ka lintho tse ling, ho phenotype bonahatsa thepa hore di na le dipegelo khato ha tikoloho, mediating liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso.

Foromo lona ho fetisisa akaretsang, le genotype ha tsamaiso e phethahetseng ka hohlehohle fapane le ho phenotype ya ditekanyetso tse latelang:

- ba na le mehloli e fapaneng ya tlhahisoleseding liphatsa tsa lefutso (genotype ea DNA sena phenotype a tsitsitseng lesedi fumanoa ka ho ithuta Link ea phelang);

- ka lebaka leo, e mong le genotype tšoanang ka 'na ha e le karolo ea phenotypes tse sa tšoaneng.

Ho feta moo, poleloana e reng genotype (ka lipono tse makatsang tsa likokoana-hloko) ho nkoa e le moelelo o pharaletseng le e moqotetsane. Ka kutloisiso e moqotetsane, sena le joalo, e se ho boletsoe, motsoako e ikhethang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me ka e pharaletseng - e behiloeng ea litšobotsi tsohle lefa tse hlahisoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka kutloisiso ena, ho genotype e bontšoa ka motswako ikhethang haholo motho liphatsa tsa lefutso disete (genomes) litšobotsi tse fumaneha batsoali.

Kahoo, e mong le phapang ho feta: ho genotype le phenotype di khetholloa ka 'nete ea hore phenotype tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha Link ka' na lifecycle phetoho, ha genotype ba nako eohle ba tla lula ba sa fetohe.

Ka lebaka leo, ho beha genotype ka atamela ka tsela e fapaneng, moo e hlalosoa e le:

- tlholeho feela ho motho eo e le motsoako oa litšobotsi tse genomic;

- lipara tsa alleles entsprechen itseng (e mong oa mefuta e 'meli e fapaneng ya tlang pele ka phatsa ea lefutso) leng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse itseng.

Phenotype e tsitsitseng ka ho entsprechen physico-lik'hemik'hale tsa phelang, e leng se hlalosa e seng feela likokoana-hloko le skeletal batho ba ikhethang empa hape boitshwaro. lentsoe lena, ka genotype e, e sebelisoa ka mekhoa ea phekolo e tse peli. Ka kutloisiso e pharaletseng, ka phenotype ea phelang bontša matšoao a batho ba ikhethang. Ka moqotetsane feta kutloisiso e phenotype ho nkoa e le criterion bakeng sa ho khetholla mefuta e itseng ea lintho tse phelang, mohlala, batho ka bomong ba le phenotype phahameng undersized - e 'ngoe.

Bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, nakong ea sebopeho sa kahisano ka saense e sa, e mong oa ka ho fetisisa ratoa bopa dikgopolo tsa hlahloba sechaba, e ne e le thuto ea organicism ea Herbert Spencer, motheo oa eo ka eona foromo fetisisa akaretsang e ne e le ho etsa bonnete ba hore Spencer lekile ho nahana setjhaba se tšoanang le le ntseng le hōla 'mele oa motho. Khethollo ea ba soobschnostey batho tiisa ka thuto ena le litšobotsi tse ikhethang e mong le sechaba, setso sa eona, boikutlo ba kelello, likarolo tseleng histori, mefuta e hlaheletseng ea ho nahana ea sechaba le ea boitšoaro ba, 'me ba bang ba bangata.

Sena se ile sa qetella se ile sa etsa hore 'nete ea hore mehopolo ya genotype le phenotype li ata le lithuto tsa sechaba. The mothofatso bonolo ea tlhaloso ena ke tlhopho ya ho thoeng bochabela le ka bophirimela ho genotypes setjhabeng moo lekanngwang entsprechen khetholla ba protrude feela ea sechaba e le hore litšobotsi tse, boikutlo ba kelello. Kelello le ea sechaba setso, tsela ea histori ea ntshetsopele, bolumeli le ba bang. Sebelisa dihlopha genotype le phenotype ka Makala ea sechaba, e ile ea etsa hore ho li sebelisa ha ba bua ka mekgwatiriso mofuta sociocultural ea thuto ea lichaba, merabe, tse ling lihlopha bogolosegolo kholo ea sechaba le ea baahi.