Likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi ea bona: sebopeho, libōpeho le litlhaloso

Boko - mong'a regulator tsa mesebetsi leha e le efe e phelang e phelang, e mong elements tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Ho fihlela joale, bo-rasaense ba lefapha la bongaka le ho ithuta litšobotsi tsa boko 'me a bula tsohle-e ncha menyetla hlollang eona. Ena ke lekala rarahane haholo hore amahanya 'mele ea rōna le tikoloho kantle. likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi bona busa dithulaganyo bohle bophelo. receptors External fumana matšoao le tsebisa ka susumetsa ba bang o tlang (leseli, e phetseng hantle, tactile le ba bang ba bangata ba) ho ea karolong leha e le efe ea boko. ka karabelo e fihla hang-hang. Joang hlooho tsa rona "lab", o tla utloisisa ho feta.

Kakaretso tlhaloso ea boko

likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi bona ba ka botlalo tataisa dithulaganyo bophelong ba rōna. Boko ba motho e na le methapo ea kutlo tse limilione tse likete tse 25. Ena palo hlollang ea lisele eaba ba etsa taba ea bohlooho. Boko ba koahela likhetla 'maloa:

• bonolo;
• ba tiile;
• arachnoid (mona ho o potoloha joala).

Joala - e mokelikeli cerebrospinal bokong ho phetha karolo e phethoang ke makala absorber mosireletsi khahlanong le lebotho la leha e le efe a teraekile.

Banna le basali ba ntshetswa pele boko hantle ka tsela e tšoanang, le hoja boima ba sona e fapaneng. Ho fetisisa sa tsoa lula phehisano hore boima ba 'mele ea boko phetha karolo ea ka ntshetsopeleng kelello le bokhoni ba kelello. Qetello e bonolo - ha ho joalo. boko ba boima ba 'mele ke ka 2% ea boima ba' mele kakaretso ea motho eo. E leng banna, boima ba eona ka karolelano ea 1 370 g, le bakeng sa basali - 1240, mesebetsi ya libaka boko ba motho ntshetswa pele tekanyetso eo mekhoa ea boipheliso itshetlehile ka ho bona. magorong tsa kelello itšetleha ka palo bōpiloe ka dikgokelo boko. Sele ka 'ngoe ea boko - methapo ea kutlo, eo chelete le fetisetsa linaoa.

The cavities hara boko e bitsoang ventricles. The mafapha a fapaneng ee cranial methapo lipara.

Mesebetsi ea boko (Lethathamo)

E mong le e lefapha bokong fumana mosebetsi entseng. Tafole ka tlase e bontša sena. boko e joaloka k'homphieutha, ka ho hlaka o etsa mesebetsi ea eona, ho amohela taelo ea ho tloha linaha tse ling.

Mesebetsi ea boko, tafole senola tlhohlomiso le ka ho hlaka.

Tlase re nahana ka likarolo tse ling tsa boko ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

sebopeho

Setšoantšong se ka bontša hore na boko. Karolo e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e lula e hemispheres bokong, ho sa tsotellehe sena, likarolong tsohle tsa boko le mesebetsi bona phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka 'mele. Ho na le mafapha a ka sehloohong tse hlano:

• qetellong (tsa boima ba 'mele palo yohle e 80%);
• morao (borokho le cerebellum);
• lipakeng;
• oblong;
• karolelano.

Ka nako e tšoanang bokong e arotsoe likarolo tse tharo tsa sehlooho: boko bakoang, cerebellum, bobeli hemispheres bokong.

endbrain

Ho ke ke ha khoneha ho ka bokhutšoanyane hlalosa sebōpeho sa boko. Ho utloisisa likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi ea bona, ho ke ho hlokahala hore ho ithuta sebopeho bona haufi-ufi.

Telencephalon fetela le ho tswa ho tse tobileng ho lesapo occipital. Mona re nahana ka tse peli hemispheres bokong: ho le letšehali le le letona. Ka le leng, lefapha lena e na le palo e khōlō ka ho fetisisa sulci le gyri. Ntshetsopele le sebōpeho sa boko ba haufi-ufi tlameletsoe 'moho. Ditsebi totobatsa mefuta e meraro ea karolong e ka holimo:

• ea boholo-holo (s olfactory tubercle, anterior perforated ntho lunate podmozolistoy podmozolistoy gyrus le lateral);
• khale (le dentate gyrus - fascia le gippokambom);
• tse ncha (e karolo e setseng ea cortex ea).

Hemispheric arotsoe longitudinal groove ka ka botebo lona e beha, le polokelo callosum, e amahanya Lefatše. Sa hlokahaleng polokelo callosum e lined ka likhoele methapo ea kutlo 'me e amana le neocortex ena. Sebōpeho sa hemispheres ho ena e rarahaneng le ho tšoana le tsamaiso selotlolo boemong ba. Ho na le ka tsela e tobileng a fapaneng, ya ntango, parietal le occipital lobe, subcortex le cortex. hemispheres bokong a etsa palo e khōlō ea mesebetsi. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho ea Lefatše le letšehali laela letona karolo ea 'mele, ' me sekgoeng nepahetseng - setseng.

karolong e ka holimo

Holim lera ea boko - ke makhapetla a, ho na le botenya ba 3 limilimithara, e akaretsa Lefatše. Sebopeho e na le lisele tse paatsepama methapo ea kutlo le dithulaganyo. Ka cortex ea hape na efferent le afferent likhoele methapo ea kutlo, 'me neuroglia. likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi ea bona li nkoa ka tafoleng, 'me eo ke ea karolong e ka holimo? Mohaho o Ester ba le layering tshekaletseng. Mohaho o le dikarolo tse tšeletseng:

• ntle pyramidal;
• ntle granular;
• ka hare particulate;
• limolek'hule;
• hare pyramidal;
• le lisele tse fusiform.

E mong le e na le e fapaneng methapo ea kutlo bophara, segokanyipalo, sebopeho. mangata Lathe tsa likhoele methapo ea kutlo khomaretse makhapetla ea striations e paatsepama. Sebakeng cortex ke hoo e ka bang 2200 disentimetara lisekoere, palo ea methapo ea kutlo mona fihla limilione tse likete tse leshome.

likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi ea bona: makhapetla

Makhapetla laola mesebetsi 'maloa e itseng ea' mele. E mong le e lobe ea ikarabellang ka entsprechen lona. Nahana ka mesebetsi e tlameletsoe ho dintlha hoteleng More:

• ya ntango lobe - laola Mocha oa ho fofonela 'me ho utloeng;
• parietal - ke le boikarabelo ba ho tatso le ho thetsana;
• occipital - Pono;
• tse tobileng - rarahaneng ho nahana, mokhatlo oa le puo.

E mong le e neuron ke kopana le methapo ea kutlo tse ling, ho na le mabitso a batho bao ba likete tse leshome (ea bohlooho taba). Methapo ea kutlo likhoele - ntho tšoeu. Karolo e itseng ea boko kopanya. taba e tšoeu e akarelletsa mefuta e meraro ea likhoele:

• associational kgokahanyo e nngwe Lefatše libakeng tse fapaneng cortical;
• commissural Lefatše kopantsoeng hammoho;
• Boqapi ba buisana le lihlopha ka tlaase tse analyzers tseleng.

Hlahloba sebopeho le mosebetsi ea boko, e ke ho hlokahala hore ho hatisa karolo ea taba ea bohlooho le tšoeu. Hemispheric tse ka hare ho ganglia basal (ea bohlooho taba), mosebetsi bona se seholo ke ho fetisa boitsebiso. Pakeng tsa bokong karolong e ka holimo le basal nuclei teng tšoeu tiileng. Ho na le likarolo tse 'nè tse sa tšoaneng:

• pakeng tsa grooves ka convolutions ea;
• libakeng tse e ka ntle ea hemispheres ea;
• akarelletsa komiki hare;
• sebakeng sa polokelo callosum.

Located ke ntho e tšoeu thehoa ke likhoele methapo ea kutlo le ho kopanya convolutions ya makhapetla ho tloha likarohano e ka tlaase. nuclei Subcortical theha subcortical boko.

Telencephalon - laela mesebetsi eohle ea bohlokoa ea 'mele, e le hammoho le bokhoni ba kelello.

diencephalon

likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi ea bona (tafole fana ka holimo) li akarelletsa diencephalon. Ha re sheba ka ho qaqileng ho feta, e ke ho hlokahala hore ho bolela hore e na le likarolo tse ventral le dorsal. Ke hypothalamus ventral ke ea dorsal e - thalamus, metathalamus le epithalamus.

Thalamus ke mokena-lipakeng, e laela susumetsa ba bang ba ile ba fumana ho ea Lefatše. e atisa ho bitsoa "hillocks bonwang." Ho thusa 'mele ho ikamahanya ka potlako ho liphetoho ka tikoloho kantle. Thalamus e amana ho cerebellum le ka tsela tsamaiso limbic.

The hypothalamus laela mesebetsi autonomic. Le tsusumetso e mpe ka eona ke ka tsamaiso ea methapo, 'me, ea e le hantle, litsoelesa endocrine. O laola mosebetsi oa litsoelesa le endocrine, laola metabolism. The pituitary tšoelesa e teng ka ho toba ka tlas'a eona. Ho o laola mocheso oa 'mele, pelo le methapo le litsamaiso tshilong ya dijo. Hape, hypothalamus laela lijo le ho noa rona boitshwaro, ho laola falimehe le ho robala.

morao

The hindbrain akarelletsa ho vorgelagerten borokho le cerebellum, eo e ka morao. Ka ho ithuta sebōpeho le mosebetsi ea boko, hlahlobisiseng sebōpeho sa borokho: ho dorsal holim 'a cerebellum ho e koahetsoe, ventral hlahisa sebopeho fibrous. likhoele li tsamaisoa ka sefapano, li ena lefapha. Lehlakoreng ka leng la borokho ba ho ea bohareng cerebellar leoto. Holim'a metsi borokho tšoana le thatafetseng rolara tšoeu teng holim'a medulla oblongata. Metso ea methapo ea kutlo ho bulbar-tsoa tseleng ea mohoma.

Sebopeho sa barrel morao: ka karolo ka pele ka bonoa hore setho ka pele arohane (kgolo ventral) le kamorao (dorsal nyenyane) karolo e itseng. Pakeng tsa bona, moeli ke trapezoid mele, likhoele teteaneng eo ho parola nkoa hore tsela utluwang. Conduction mosebetsi itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka morao ea boko.

The cerebellum (boko hanyane)

Tafole "ea boko, sebopeho, mosebetsi" e bontša hore ho cerebellum ke le boikarabelo ba ho hokahanngoe le 'mele e sisinyehang. lefapha ena e teng ka mor'a borokho. Cerebellum atisa ho bitsoa "boko tse nyenyane". Ho ae phethang le kamorao cranial fossa, taemane e bōpehileng joaloka le likoahelo. cerebellum boima ho tloha 130 ho 160, ka holimo ke hemispheres bokong, tse arohane ka sekotjana ho parola. E leng karolo e ka tlaase ea cerebellum ke le haufi le ho medulla oblongata.

Ho na le hemispheres tse peli tse fapaneng, e ka tlaase, holim holimo le sebōkō. Moeli pakeng tsa bona o bitsoa lekhalo tshekaletseng tebileng. A plurality tsa slits matsaranka holim cerebellum tšesaane gyrus (rollers) tšekamelo therebetween. Pakeng tsa grooves ba lihlopha tetema arohane ka a na le dilae, ba emela kabelo ea cerebellum (morao, Klotchkov-nodular, pele).

Cerebellum na le bobeli taba ea bohlooho le tšoeu. Gray nkiloeng ka periphery ea, e bopa e karolong e ka holimo le methapo ea kutlo ea limolek'hule le pere e bōpehileng joaloka, le lera granular. Tlas'a karolo e ka holimo ho na le ntho e tšoeu e le kenella ka hare ho gyrus. Ka taba e tšoeu ho na le blotches ea bohlooho (konokono lona). Moelelong oa kamano e joalo e tšoana le sefate. Ba tsebang sebōpeho sa boko ba motho, mafapha a lona mosebetsi, karabo bonolo, e le hore cerebellum - hokahanngoe laola 'mele ea rōna ho sisinyeha.

midbrain

The midbrain e teng karolong e anterior tsa borokho 'me ea' mele ea papillary, hammoho le pampitšana optic. Ho na le ha ho tshwailwe bokella nuclei, eo ba bitsoa colliculus. Sebopeho le mosebetsi ya boko (Lethathamo) li bontša hore lefapha lena ke le boikarabelo ba ho Pono selao, orienting reflex, fana ka dikamano reflexes ho susumetsa ba bang bonwang le utluwang, 'me hape e tshehetsa molumo oa mesifa ea' mele oa motho.

Medulla: karolo e itseng bakoang

Medulla - e katoloso ea tlhaho ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Ke ka lebaka leo mohaho na le e ngata ka lintho tse tloaelehileng. Haholo-holo e ba e hlakileng ha re nahana ka taba e tšoeu ka ho qaqileng. Emela methapo ea kutlo lona khutšoanyane 'me nako e telele likhoele. Ka mokgwa hlahiswa mona nuclei taba ea bohlooho. likarolo tse ling tsa boko le mesebetsi ea bona (tafole bontšitsoeng ka holimo) e bontša hore medulla oblongata laolang re tsitsitse, tšebelisano, o laola metabolism, o etella ho hema le ho ajoa. E boetse e na le boikarabelo ba reflexes joalo ea bohlokoa ea 'mele ea rōna, ho tšoana le e thimola le ho khohlela, ho hlatsa.

The bakoang boko e arotsoe ka semelo le midbrain. kutu e bitsoa mahareng, nako e telele, borokho le midbrain. Sebōpeho sa e - ho theoha 'me a nyoloha litsela tlohang moqomo le khoele lesapo la mokokotlo le boko. Karolong ena ntse leihlo bakeng sa ho otla ha pelo, ho hema, puo e khona ho itlhalosa.