Di behuwe ka bobedi le batho bao e seng di behuwe ka bobedi lilumisoa voiceless

Molomo poleloana ee ke ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa bophelo ba sechaba le tsoelo-pele ea motho. a lebisa tlhokomelo e ngata ka ho ithuta le letsoalloa (kapa linaheng tse ling) puo e fanoeng ho bua - bitsoa e nepahetseng ea phonemes. Ho na le mantsoe a mangata a fapana feela molumo le 'ngoe. Ka hona, le ea ka tšebetso ea litho tsa ho bua le tlhahiso ea nang le molumo o fuoa tlhokomelo e khethehileng.

tlhahiso ea utloahalla

Sound sebopeho le hlaha ka lebaka la mosebetsi kelello le ka mantsoe a motho. sethusathuto lentsoe na le diaphragm leo, larynx, ho epiglottis, pharynx, lithapo tsa lentsoe, molomo le nko cavity, leleme, mahalapa (bonolo le thata), le alveoli, meno, leleme melomo.

Puo le molomo ka tlaase ho ameha ka mafolofolo zvukoproizvodstve. Meno, mahalapa a, ka holimo molomo lula re etseng letho.

Proizvodnje melumo (phonemes) e kenyeletsa:

• respiration - hema,
• phonation - tshebediso ya larynx le lentsoe lithapo ho bopa phonemes
• articulation - mosebetsi oa sethusathuto le lentsoe ho zvukoproizvodstva.

Lerata (voiceless) lilumisoa tsa puo ea Russia

Mangolo ka puo ea Serussia hantle ea 33, 'me e utloahala e tse ling tse ngata - 42 selumi sa senyesemane phonemes, e bopilweng ka lentsoe bo hloekileng - 6. The setseng 36 melumo - lilumisoa.

Ka ho bōptjoa ha lilumisoa 16 amehang feela lerata sephetho ho tswa kolongaka tsa phallo moea exhaled tsa ditshita tse itseng, ke sebelisana le litho tse puo.

^{[K] [n g] [ 's] [sa t], [leq], [: x,], [hora], [appa],} [K] [n g] [' s ] [limithara] [leq], [: x], [featswan], [! br] - voiceless lilumisoa.

Ho ithuta mokhoa oa ho fumana hore na e selumisoa utloahala lerootho, ho ke ho hlokahala hore ho tseba makgetheng bona ka sehloohong: ka tsela efe le moo ba ile ba ba thehoa, e le mameno a lentsoe ameha ho hlahisoeng bona, ebang palatalization ka thinn teng.

Thuto lerata lilumisoa

Ka ho etsa joalo ho hlahisoeng lilumisoa sa utloeng litsebeng sebelisana makala a sa tšoaneng ba ka didirisiwa puo. Ba ka interlock le e mong e mong ho theha lekhalo le.

lilumisoa Voiceless etsoa ha exhaled moea phallo eu hlola litšitiso tsena. Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa litšitiso phonemes utloeng litsebeng baa aroloa ka:

• occlusives phatloha ^{[K, n g, limithara,} Q, n g, limithara];
• occlusives sekotjana (affricate) [n g, ^{b e];}
• slotted (fricative) ^{[ba c, f: x ,, w Le ,,} mdlody, f s, w Le].

Ho itšetlehile ka hore libaka tseo ba theha ditshita tse har'a phonemes sa utloeng litsebeng ba hlaheletseng:

• bilabial ^{[n g,} n g];
• labio-meno ^{[o f ,,} o f];
• apicals leino ^[s, s, ^'t, limithara,' n '];
• apicals palatal-leino ^{[H, appa ,,]} w Le;
• velar guttural ^{[K, x,} K, x,].

lemenong Vocal ke kamehla le boemong ba phutholohile ha lilumisoa voiceless etsoa. Lentsoe e sa thehoa, ho phoneme entsoe ka lerata bo hloekileng.

Palatalization le velarization

phonemes lerata ba classified ho latela lengolo la la tsitsipano ea bohareng puo. Ha ho mokhoa oa ho e thata zvukoproizvodstva mahalapa a ho phahamisa pele le bohareng ba puo, born palatalized selumisoa (bonolo) thud. Velyarizovannye (tiileng) phonemes tse hlahisoang ke ho phahamisa leleme ho ka morao mahalapa a le bonolo.

6 bonolo kapa thata lerata 6 phonemes ba sa utloeng litsebeng ho etsa bobeli, le lipara setseng se nang sona.

Di behuwe ka bobedi voiceless lilumisoa - ^[K, - K], [ 't ^- n g] ^{[ba c,} - a c] ^{[sa t} - T], ^{[o f,} - o f] ^[x, -' s]; [Mdlody, ^H, w Le, ^appa,] - unpaired voiceless lilumisoa.

articulation

Ha e kopana le mosebetsi oohle oa makala a motho ea sethusathuto puo amehang le bitsoa ea phonemes o bitsoa articulation.

Kahoo ho ne ho utloahala, re lokela ho ba khona ho ka ho hlaka a phatlalatse le melumo, mantsoe, lipolelo. Sena se hloka hore ho koetlisa sethusathuto hao ea lentsoe, ho tloaela ho etsa oa ho bitsa phonemes.

Hang ha u utloisisa kamoo lilumisoa utloeng litsebeng baa hlahisitseng, kamoo ho ka hantle phatlalatsa, ngoana kapa batho ba baholo le lintho tse ngata ka potlako ho rua puo.

Melumo [K - ^K, x, - ^{sa x,]}

Ka tlaase qetellong ea leleme, habobebe sutumelletsa ka incisors mandibular. Molomo hanyenyane bulehileng. Tsosa morao ea leleme e le hore e tluoa tabeng ea ho kopana le e ileng ea hlahisoa libaka moeling oa mahalapa a le bonolo 'me e thata. Ke bohale pululo moea eu hlola ho tšitiso - [K].

Nestle puo ea qetellong ho meno tlaase ka pele. Bohareng le morao ea leleme ho hula hammoho le sebaka se bohareng ba bo-morao mahalapa a ka thata. Exhale - ^[K].

Ka ho hlahisa phonemes [x, - ^{sa x]} makala a ho bua ba lokisetsa ka tsela e tšoanang. Feela pakeng tsa bona o lutse o se inamela le ho peperana.

Melumo [sa t - ^{n g]}

molomo koetsoeng, puo ea itsamaele leshano, ntlha ea push oa hae e monyenyane ho tloha incisors e ka tlaase. Exhale. The khefu moea jete ka molomo - [n g].

Molomo o teng hammoho. Bofelo ba o tobetsa puo ho incisors mandibular. Etsoe mahalapa a tiileng phahamisa bohareng ba leleme. Air sutumelletsa bohale molomo hlōla tšitiso - ^{[n g].}

Melumo [ba c - ^{ka c]}

Otlolla molomo, meno hoo e ka bang koaloa. Qetellong ea puo ea ho ama meno pel'a mohlahare o tlaase. puo Bend, ho tsosa morao karolelano mahalapeng ena. metshetshe lona lateral petelitsoe khahlanong le maemo a hodimo a meno hlafunoang. Ho phalla moea e ntse e feta ka groove ka thehoa ka bohareng ba leleme. Ho Hlōla lekhalo pakeng tsa khoro alveolar le ka pele puo backrest - [ 's].

Phoneme ^{[ 's]} le bitsa ka tsela e tšoanang. Feela bohareng ea leleme e hlaha e phahameng le e sa pele buckles (groove ka disappears).

Melumo [sa t - ^{sa t]}

Hanyenyane bulehileng molomo. puo ea ho phomola ka ho qetellong ea incisors ea mohlahare e ka holimo, eaba ba etsa seqha. Lebotho la sefofane sa jete tloha khefu exhaled moea ka mokoallo le - [sa t].

Boemo ba molomo ke se tšoanang. Keletso ea leleme le khomarele incisors e ka tlaase. Karolong e ka pele ea puo ea ho ama maemo a hodimo alveolar khoro, ho bōpa e seqha. Tlas'a khatello ea sefofane sa jete moea e hlōla tšitiso - ^{[sa t].}

Melumo [f e - ^{o f]}

Lower molomo e hohelle banyenyane le khomarela ho meno hae holimo. Tlose morao ea leleme ho ka morao mahalapa a le bonolo. Ka pululo moea e ntse e feta ka e sephara slit thehoa molomo le meno - [o f].

Molomo le meno ba le boemong bo tšoanang. Keletso ea leleme ho fallela ho fihlela ho incisors e ka tlaase. karolo e mahareng tsa puo ea mahalapeng ho phahamisa. Moea o phaphamatsang le kenella ka hare lekhalo labio-meno - ^{[o f].}

Sound [n g]

Sound hlahisoang ka mekhahlelo e 'meli:

1. Otlolla hanyane molomo thata. End Language tletse ho meno pele tlaase. Phahamisa karolo ka pele ea leleme, kaha o koaloa ka mahalapa a ka thata (feela ka mor'a selikalikoe alveolar).
2. Moea phallang ka cavity molomo. Puo ea hanyenyane e sothoe - karolo e mahareng ho phahamisa, e ka tlaase morao, lehlakoreng metshetshe petelitsoe khahlanong le meno e hlafunoang. Seqha fetoloa slit le moea pholoha - [n g].

Sound ^[H]

phoneme Thuto e na le mekhahlelo e 'meli:

1. Hanyenyane ho potoloha le sutumelletsa molomo. End le karolong e ka pele ea leleme le khomarele mahalapa a tiileng le alveolar khoro, ho bōpa e mokoallo.
2. Sutumelletsa moea: setšeng sa maqhama pakeng tsa puo ea le mahalapa a fumana slit. Ka nako e tšoanang ho hlokahala hore ho phahamisa bohareng ba leleme - ^[H].

Utloahala [w Le]

Hanyenyane lekaneng molomo ho sutumelletsa. thuto puo ho phahamisa qetellong ea temana e moqotetsane le mahalapa a le alveolar khoro (1st sekotjana). Siuoe bohareng ea leleme, phahamisa karolo morao (2nd sekotjana). Tobetsa bohale ho hlafuna meno, eaba ba etsa sekotlolo sa. Ka bonolo exhale - [w Le].

Utloahala ^{[w Le]}

Molomo hanyenyane le sutumelletsa ka tlhahlamano. End Language tsoha ho khoro alveolar, ha a tšoere ho sala lumen. Puo le phahamisa ho mahalapa a tiileng (ntle lehlakoreng le ka pele) metshetshe ho hula tse fetang ho molars holimo mohlahareng. Exhale butle. Karolo e bohareng ea leleme tsoela fatše, ho bōpa e chute leo ka lona e le molapo moea. Puo ha bonako - ^[appa].

Puo kemisong e voiceless lilumisoa tse kopantswe le phonemes tse ling (liluma-nosi le lilumisoa). Haeba, ka mor'a phonemes lerata latelang e selumi sa senyesemane, molomo nka boemo ba bakeng sa articulation ea bobeli.

Papiso lerata voiceless le phonemes bolela pono

Di-call ke phonemes thutong amang bobeli lentsoe le lerata (e atileng bobeli). Ba bang ba melumo bolela pono di di behuwe ka bobedi har'a litholo.

Di behuwe ka bobedi lilumisoa voiceless le voiceless [K - kea] ^[K - ^dagelever] [n g - e b] ^{[n g} - ^{e b]} [sa t - le d] ^{[sa t,} - ^{le d],} [ 's - H] [e ^{- med],} [o f - ka], [o f ^{- ka],} [appa - x,].

Unpaired o ile a bolela le lilumisoa unvoiced:

• [Le d, ^{k, limithara, n g, leq,} k, limithara, n g, leq] - o ile a bolela (sonorant);
• ^{[: X, H, w Le,} x,, featswan] - lerata sa utloeng litsebeng.

Kgetho lerata phonemes mangolo

Bokhoni ba ho ngola ka nepo ha a bohlokoa ho feta ho bua. ngotsoe puo makhoba e amanang le mathata le ho feta, joalokaha ba bang melumo ka pampiri e ka ngotsoe ka litlhaku tse fapaneng kapa tlhakantsuke ya mangolo.

lilumisoa Voiceless ka ho ngola mangolo a tšoanang ba romeloa, haeba ba ba maemong a matla.

Ho latela voicelessness-voicing: pele selumi sa senyesemane ka, sonorant selumisoa, [ka - ^ka], ka lerata le leng (e sebetsa ho di behuwe ka bobedi ba sa utloeng litsebeng!).

Ke thatafala-softness: pele selumi sa senyesemane sa [e b, limithara, e r, K, n g, ^x,, b e, ^{limithara, e r, K, n g, x,,]} - bakeng sa melumo [s, ^s, 't, ^limithara], qetellong ya lentsoe.

Maemong a mang, ho fumana hore na lengolo nepahetse (kapa motsoako oa litlhaku) bakeng sa phonemes voiceless selumisoa e ho hlokahala hore ho etsa kopo melao e itseng ea puo eo Serussia. Le ka linako tse ling feela o lokela ho hopola ho mopeleto le nepahetse mantsoe (tlotlofoko ka).