Tungsten, Molybdenum: motsoako kopo

lihlopha tsa tlhaho matsoai hore na tungsten ka metsoako e sa tšoaneng le concentrations liindasteri ha tse qotsitsoeng ke ka botsebi khoneha le moruong khoneha, - tungsten, molybdenum tšepe, hammoho le beryllium, thini, koporo, bismuth, ka linako tse ling mercury antimony, silevera, khauta, arsenic, tantalum, sebabole, scandium, niobium - polanete ea joalo ka seoelo lirafshoa lefatšeng, joalokaha lebitso la sehlopha sa hase barui. Ea fetang karolo manya tungsten - Molybdenum, joaloka batho ba bang ka ho fetisisa, e tlosoa tlas'a mahloriso le isoa concentrates khetha kapa sehlopha.

Ho tlile joang hore tungsten

Seswedishe setsebi sa k'hemistri Carl Scheele, pharmacist ke thupelo, a khanna liteko ka laboratoring ea bona. Ho na le o ile a fumana batho mankanese, barium, chloride, esita le oksijene. Bophelong bohle ba hae, o ile a etsa ha ho letho le ileng ea etsa hore ho sibolloa bakeng sa eo o ne a ile a lumela ho Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Esita le nakoana pele ho lefu la hae ka 1781, o ile a khaotsa seo a like e sa ba kopanela, ka tsela eo ho re mpho e 'ngoe e hlollang.

Ho hlahisa phihlelo, Carl Scheele fumana hore tungsten (matsoai, hamorao e mong ea bitsoang ho tlotla scheelite hae) - letsoai la acid e ba bang ba ntse e sa tsejoeng. E ne e le sibolloa khōlō, empa lilemo tse peli feela hamorao litsebi tsa metsoako tloha Spain 'me barutuoa ba hae ba ne ba ka thōko ho see cha matsoai elements le lecha tseo fetohile postulates tsohle tse ho indasteri e. Leha ho le joalo, ho phethola 'muso e ile ea etsahala ha hang-hang, tse lekholo tse fetileng, pele ho ile ha hlaka hore na thepa e ikhethang e tungsten.

karohano

Ho itšetlehile ka hore tšimo tšepe tsohle tungsten li arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli: exogenous le e se nang sesosa. Har'a e qetellang ke skarn, pegmatite, stringer-mothapo (hydrothermal) greyzerovye mefuta liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa tšepe, tse ho kopantswe ka manya lihlopha tse tharo tse khōlō. Sena tungsten - thini, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Ka linako tse ling, tungsten le fumanoa pegmatites, ho tloha eo e ntšitsoeng le scheelite tseleng, ea isang ho hlahisa Beryl, cassiterite, tantalum niobate kapa spodumene. Pegmatitnye tšimo - mehloli ea alluvial sa - qapa ka ho fetisisa Afrika Asia Bochabela le Afrika.

setokong

Tungsten, molybdenum ka manya e haufi-ufi amanang le intrusions morema, likarolo tsa bona apical, moo ho na le prikrovlevye mobung, hangata a tsamaea le stockworks manya bobeli intra- le nadintruzivnymi.

Ba theha di plascheobraznye mobung, ponotlhakoretharo le oval haeba boholo ba sekhurumetso mealo. Hantle tšoauoa le manya 'mele columnar mofuta le Stockworks tsoeng sebopeho. Depositi mehloli moo ho na le molybdenum, tungsten, 'me tse ling tse liminerale seoelo lefatše, hoo e ka bang mohla na le mehloli e meholo. manya le hakanngoa feela tse mashome, e sa tloaelehang haholo ka makholo a likete boima ba lithane tse.

tse qotsitsoeng

Molybdenum, tungsten le tse ling tse libaka hydrothermal manya ke exo- le morema endocontact tse fapaneng tseo foromo tse peli telele ka ho fetisisa ka toka tebileng - ho fihlela ho kilometer dari e - letoto la lihlooho tse kaofela ba ne ba lula moepa lerotholi ke haholo ka tlaase ho moo, ka karolelano lerotholi lithapo. A boela a fumana Stockworks. Litopo tsa manya a mankanese a thehoa ho tswa quartz-wolframite, cassiterite, inclusions wolframite-quartz, hangata le molybdenum, beryllium le bismuthinite, patiwa le quartz-molybdenite-scheelite le quartz-scheelite tšepe.

Ka tloaelo ho ka tšepe joalo na tungsten, molybdenum, seoelo lefatše tšepe tse ling tse ngata tse nyenyane: ho tswa ho tungsten-halofo ho e mong le e etsang liphesente tse halofo, ho feta - ka tlaase ho moo. 'Me sena se ho sa tsotellehe mehloli ea manya ba' maloa tse sekete kapa ba likete tse mashome lithane tse, e leng ke hape haholo, bo bonyenyane haholo. Meepo hangata etsoa tlas'a lefatše kapa bulehileng mekhoa sekoting.

Mekhoa ho hlahisoeng

mobung Tungsten akarelletsa mekhoa tse qotsitsoeng kapa dikarolo putlama kapa le dikarolo tse tshekaletseng shrinkage manya ka diboloko e litšila. A boela a sebelisa mokhoa stowing hore hantle ka ntshetsopele ya phela, mobung skarn kapa greisen.

Open mokhoa presupposes shtorkverkov, mobung skarn kapa greisen kapa placers. Ka likoting, e leng hlahisa manya tungsten, molybdenum, ka tloaelo ho sebetsa tsamaiso e khopo ho tsamaisa le kantle kgotlhela gongwe. Maemong ana, tlhahiso ke hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng Mechine - liphesente tse mashome a robong a metso e mehlano. Empa mosebetsi ha e fela mona. Tšepe e matlafatso ya tlhokeho, kaha feela e lebetsoeng le e 'ngoe le halofo diphesente di na le tšepe seoelo lefatše - tungsten, molybdenum.

depositi

Ka USSR pele e neng e sa mobung bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa manya tungsten tsa utolola ka Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia le Bochabela bo Hōle, le Caucasus le Asia Bohareng. Hase bohle ba bona ba pele. Mose ho maoatle ho e lokisa ea tungsten le molybdenum e etsoa haholo-holo batho ba bangata ba Korea Boroa le China. Ho na le e mobung bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Ho phaella moo, tungsten e epilwe ka Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, United States, Fora, Austria le Turkey.

E tlameha ho ka boleloa hore Asia Boroa-Bochabela le lona lebanta Pacific manya ke ba etsang liphesente tse fetang mashome a tšeletseng tsa mehloli ea tungsten lefatšeng. Bohle ka tsohle, le tsa utolola mobung palo yohle mehloli ea polanete ea tungsten haholo ka tlaase ho moo e 'ngoe le tonnes milione halofo. Mohlala, khauta e ya hlahiswa selemo le selemo (ha ho metšoasong, e leng beha ka tshisinyo), ka 4.278.200 boima ba lithane tse.

thepa

Ho ba e mong oa tšepe ho fetisisa refractory, tungsten fetoha hoo e batlang e bohlokoa haholo libakeng tsohle tse amanang le thempereichara e phahameng. E le lik'hemik'hale elements Wolframium (W) bolokoa sehlopha bone ea tsamaiso ea nako le nako. athomo boima ba sona ba 183,85, 'me palo 74. E mong ea bitsoang ka lebaka la leseli la eona bohlooho mmala - le Jeremane le Wolf Rahm fetoleloa e le "Phiri" le "tranelate", haeba ka ho toba - "Phiri bubble". Ho sa tsotellehe refractoriness, tsitsitseng ka thempereichara e tloaelehileng. Liminerale fa tungsten - wolframite, scheelite le.

Tungsten - e mong oa dikarolo tse khōlō tsa tšepe mocheso manganga ba Superhard - phahameng lebelo le sesebelisoa, hammoho le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng ka thepa e tšoanang - stellite, hlolang joalo joalo. Empa tungsten bo hloekileng, re bona letsatsi le letsatsi, hobane ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka boenjiniere le motlakase. Ka mohlala, ka li phutholohe le mabone le tungsten li phutholohe. Hape, o ke ba bohlokoa haholo ho elektronike. lisebelisoa tsa elektronike ba le cathode le e anode tsa tšepe le.

lits'epe tse kopantsoeng cha

Processing oa tungsten le molybdenum rarahaneng, empa haholo le molemo. Indasteri ea tsebang e Brands tse seng kae, tse ling tsa tsona ke tse ngata ho tloaelehile hore batho le tlaase ho moo. Tungsten se hloekile, le additives le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng le lirafshoa tse ling. Kahoo, setempe fapaneng BP - tungsten le motsoako rhenium; VL - le oxide e lanthanum ka dopant ka; VI - le yttria; VT - jwalo ka oxide e tseloe thorium; VM - silica le doped le thorium; VA - le aluminium le silica additives; RF - e hloekileng tungsten.

Tungsten ke motheo bakeng sa carbide le tungsten motsoako le molybdenum - superalloy, joaloka ba bang ba batho ba bang. Hape le ka ho ba le seabo hae ba lokisetsa qhoaele manganga sesebelisoa tšepe. Ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsena etsa e ngata likarolo enjene - lifofane le sebaka, ka lisebelisoa tse ling tsa elektronike - likarolong tse sa tšoaneng le phutholohe. Kaha segokanyipalo sa tsa tšepe e phahameng haholo, ho e sebediswa bakeng sa counterweights, bakeng sa likulo le likhetla libetsa, bakeng sa metsu ballistic (tsitsisoa filthara, tungsten mamella liphetohelo lekholo le mashome a robeli tse likete tse ka motsotso) bakeng sa rotors phahameng-lebelo hape ho sebelisoa lirafshoa tse kang tungsten le molybdenum. Sebelisa, joalokaha re bone, haholo ho pharaletseng, 'me motho a ka esita le ka re hloekile.

Masimong a kopo

Ntle le bana ba tšepe seoelo lefatše, seo ba chromium molybdenum, tungsten, kajeno, ke ke a etsa moriana ofe kapa ofe kapa fisiks ea nyutlelie. kristale Single tsa tungstates ke scintillation mechine, X-ray, hammoho le radiations tse ling ionizing. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ e sebediswa bakeng sa ho fetola eneji, le mogote ka eneji, le motlakase. Esita argon-selikalikoe ho tjheseletsa sebelisa tungsten ka eleketrode e.

Haholo-holo ho pharaletseng sebediswa tungsten komponeng. thepa le likarolo tse ngata le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tiileng ho ba le motheo wa carbide tungsten, lia hlokahala bakeng sa machining tsa tšepe bobeli le mehaho bao e seng metallic. Sena ke haholo-holo bohlokoa ka mochini: siloa, ho retelehela, chiselling, planing. U se ke ua se etsa hona joale ntle le carbide nakong cheka le meepo, 'me bakeng sa hore re hloka tungsten, molybdenum - tlhahiso ea ithuta theknoloji tsohle li be ncha le bona.

Mefuta sehlahisoa sa tšepe sa tloaelehang-lefatše

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - e phahameng mocheso kirisi withstanding ho fihlela ho likhato tse makholo a mahlano centigrade. Moo electrolyte tiileng o entsoe (phahameng mocheso lisele tse mafura) e sebediswa tungsten trioxide. Textile, indasteri pente li ntlafetse haholo le tse rarahaneng theknoloji e, sebelisa ka sethothetsi tungsten komponeng le pigment le syntheses e manyolo.

Indasteri ea hlahisa e ngata haholo ea lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng, e nang le tungsten, molybdenum le lirafshoa tse ling tse sa tloaelehang lefatše. The atileng ka ho fetisisa - e 's li-electrode, terata, phofo tungsten, lakane le rod-. Li-electrode mohla qhibilihile 'me ka hona e ka sebediswa bakeng sa ho tjheseletsa steels phahameng-motsoako, tšepe batho bao e seng ferrous le thepa le o hlophisitsoeng fapaneng lik'hemik'hale. Le ea mong oa eleketrode ha e fana ka e joalo e phahameng ao cheseletse matla.

molybdenum

Molybdenum lits'epe tse kopantsoeng, 'me a amanang le thepa refractory. Foromo lona bo hloekileng e sebelisoa ka mokgwa wa terata kapa theipi heaters - sebopi, esita le ho sebetsa ka hydrogen ka mocheso 1600 ° C. Thini le molybdenum terata hlokahala ho indasteri e ea elektronike, ba sebediswa ka X-ray theknoloji ea molybdenum hlahiswa mefuta e fapaneng ya likarolo tsa methapo X-ray, elektrone ea methapo, methapo lephaka.

Ho feta moo, molybdenum, le tungsten e le haholo ho pharaletseng sebediswa ho ntlafatsa steels. Tseloe Mo eketsa matla a, hardenability, ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, toughness. Ka lebaka leo, tungsten le molybdenum li sebelisetsoa ho bōpa likarolo tse mahlonoko tseo ho fetisisa le lintlha tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Bakeng sa thatafala joalo ka motsoako le Stellite hlahiswa - google chrome le cobalt, ho lepelela likarolo bohale sebetsa qhoaele. Chromium molybdenum, tungsten - motsoako ena ke hoo e ka bang ho le thata ho tlosa. Hape, o o fuoa e mong oa libaka pele a 'maloa a acid e le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng mocheso manganga.

sebaka

The motsoako oa tungsten le molybdenum ka ho hlophisoa ha plating hlooho ea metsu efe kapa efe le lifofane. Ke matla a tungsten pele, ea bobeli - molybdenum. Leha ho le joalo, matla a itseng ka thempereichara e ea likhato ka bang makholo a leshome le metso e mehlano Celsius outputs lits'epe tse kopantsoeng le molybdenum le sebaka sa pele. Ha mocheso ke esita le e phahameng - ka tungsten le tantalum ke sa hlōloeng. Molybdenum khekhe phanele a entsoe ka komiki likhetla lifofane rometsoe lifofa-sebakeng le metsu hore ba khutlela Earth, le phapanyetsano ea mocheso o matla, lithebe mocheso, Trim ka metshetshe oa mapheo a, stabilizers.

Moo maemo a ho sebetsa a boima, thusa tšepe seoelo lefatšeng. From lintho tse joalo ba ka lebella ho hanyetsa phahameng ho kena moea le khoholeho ea mobu khase, matla a phahameng le matla a ho tšoara a raha-raha. Tse ngata dintlha jete le Lata dienjini, kobendaka liaparong, di-blades turbine, flaps nozzles, bokaholimo taolo, Lata nozzles, joalo-joalo - tsena lipampiri thata tsohle ho sebetsana ka katleho molybdenum.

Lefatšeng

thepa ka moso tsa thepa e sebetsa ka seaplane ya phosphoric, sulfuric le acid hydrochloric, li entsoe ka molybdenum le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa lona. Ho o gana esita le ka khalase entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa, ka hona indasteri khalase etsang sebelisa Bibele haholo molybdenum ka li-electrode ho qhibiliha.

From melamu lona lits'epe tse kopantsoeng etsoa, hlobo e ho thulana le khatello foromeletsoeng phahameng tsa koporo, zinki le aluminium lits'epe tse kopantsoeng. Kaha tšepe molybdenum tšoaroa tlas'a khatello - pheleu, e-shoa, ho phunya mandrel Mills. Ba Itlhahisa ka ho ba molybdenum hape haholo ntlafatsa.