TNCs ka moruo. Teoman bana - ho ...

Har'a tse makholo tsa moruo khōlō ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, 52 ke merabe e fapaneng mekhatlo, le 48 - States. Kajeno, mekhatlo busa lefatše. lobbying lipolotiki le khahlamelo ea lefatše lohle ea TNCs ka moruo oa linaha tse ngata ke le leholo hakaalo e le hore ba theha melao ea papali e se feela bakeng sa ho le baphadisani e, empa le bakeng sa e re lohle.

Teoman bana - ho moruo, e tšoanang le boholo ba naha e le 'ngoe. Ba bang ba mekhatlo e ka nepo bitsoa constituent, ha ba ntse ba theha limilione mesebetsi le ho ba le chelete e kenang e leta gdP ea linaha tse ngata tsa lefatše.

le TNC ke eng?

Teoman bana - femeng le thepa laoloa linaheng tse 'maloa' me ea isang mosebetsi libakeng tse hōle le naha. Machaba a Kopaneng Litsebi ithuta mokhatlo machaba le bo-1960, a tsebahatsa tse tharo tse khethollang ba mekhatlo e ditshaba-tshaba:

• Corporation etsa diqeto tse ka e le setsi se ba tataise le 'ngoe, o khanna ka leano lehafing le kenya tshebetsong e leqheka momahaneng;
• E entsoe ka diyuniti sebakeng linaha tse peli kapa ho feta, sebōpeho molao le tšimo eo e ka ba mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi;
• diyuniti motho ka khamphani di ya kokangana, susumetsa e mong le e mong mosebetsi oa ea arolelana bokgoni, matlotlo le boikarabelo.

mekhatlo Global

Teoman bana - kgwebo ya ena 2/3, hoo e ka bang halofo ea tlhahiso liindasteri, 'me 80% ea boitshomololedi theknoloji. Hore ke ha tlhaho hore kopanela boima ea thepa tse rekisoang (25%) e hlahisoang ke mekhatlo e 'maloa ea lichaba tsohle. Mohlala, Nestle rekisetsa litlolo khampani L'Oreal le Jeans disele. A mengata e fapaneng dihlahiswa ho tswa sesepa Dove ho Klondike chokolete ke oa k'hamphani e Unilever.

1/3 ea tlhahiso ba mekhatlo ea machaba amana le taba ya dibopeho tsoang linaheng tse ling ka hare ho mekhatlo ditshaba-tshaba, thekiso ea tsona li feta tse romeloang linaheng lefatshe. US le linaheng tse ling TNCs 50% ya tshebetso ya diyantle le United States. The ya diyantle le kabelo ea mekhatlo UK ho fihlela ho 80%, ha diyantle ho Singapore - ho fihlela ho 90%.

Khampani pele ea machaba

Pele mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng oa machaba bafuputsi ba bang ba lumela hore Templars, o ile a theha e XII lekholong la lilemo la le loto, har'a lintho tse ling, ea machaba mesebetsi lichelete. Pele ba teoman bana - e British East India le Madache East India Company, o ile a theha ka 1600 le 1602, ka ho latellana. Khampani Madache hape e ne e le ea pele e kopanetsoeng-setokong khampani. , Mega-mekhatlo ea lekholong la lilemo la XVII se ne le matla a ho boemo boemo se ile sa etsa ketso ea sesole, minted chelete ea tšepe, entse kolone eaba o nka karolo ea tharollo ea litaba tsa lipolotiking phahameng.

mekhatlo ditshaba-tshaba ka foromo ea kajeno ho feta hlaha ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX le ile etsoa tlhahiso le thekiso ea liminerale. Lekholong XX, bona pharalla ha mesebetsi e atolosoa haholo, e ile ea fihla ka bophara ka tsoelo-pele ea tsebelisano-'moho le bokahohleng karohano oa mosebetsi o boima. Botsayakarolo ea tlhahiso tlatselitse ho eketseha ha molumo.

TNCs le MNCs

Ke sechaba sefe mekhatlo kgolo atisa arologanyediwa ka paka ya ka ditshaba-tshaba (TNC) le merabe e fapaneng lik'hamphani (MNCs).

• Teoman bana - le mokhatlo o nang le thepa e 'ngoe, le ho etsa thepa ea isang le khoebo le thekiso ya mesebetsi ka ntle ho "lehae la" ea naha (moo ntlo-khōlō ea bona e teng). Ka US, le mokhatlo o hangata e akarelletsa kopanetsoeng-setokong khampani, hammoho le a mangata TNCs morao-rao hlaha ka lebaka la katoloso ea machaba ea US, poleloana e reng e kena lebitso bona. TNCs tsamaisa mesebetsi ea bona linaheng tse fapaneng ka ho makala, ka tiasa yona le mefuta e meng ea mekhatlo. Makala a ba le tlhahiso ea hoo e batlang e le ikemetseng le thekiso likarohano, phetha lipatlisiso le ntshetsopele le joalo ka .. Ka kakaretso, makala a emela e khōlō ea indasteri e rarahaneng. Dishere tsa khampani, e le busa, e matleng a hae feela ho baemeli ba thehoa ea naha.
• OLS - ke khampani merabe e fapaneng, ha e kopana le khoebo ea linaha tse fapaneng ho indasteri, saense le botekgeniki motheo oa. makgetheng bona khethollang kenyeletsa: selotlolo naha le selotlolo ea sechaba tekano konokono boeta-pele ba. TNCs ho fetisisa morao-rao ho matleng a mofuta oa pele, e le laoloa ke baemeli ba mmuso. lik'hamphani merabe e fapaneng ha li ngata. Ka mohlala, Anglo-Madache oli hloekisoa kameho ea Royal Dutch Shell le khampani lik'hemik'hale Unilever.

Ka sehlopha arohaneng ka etsa lilekane tsa machaba le tšebelisano-'moho, consortia bōpetsoe hore ba rarolla mathata a itseng.

tlhophiso ba mekhatlo

Ho itšetlehile ka ho pharalla ha mesebetsi le letseno selemo le selemo e ka thōko TNCs nyenyane (3-4 makala linaheng tse ling) le TNCs kgolo (mashome 'me ba makholo ba liofising tsa makala tse linaheng tse sa tšoaneng).

• Teoman bana tshekaletseng nyalano e na le liofisi tsa linaheng tse 'maloa le hlahisoang ka haholo e tšoanang kapa tse tšoanang lihlahisoa (mohlala, lik'hamphani tse US likoloi kapa tsamaiso ea «lijo»).
• Teoman bana makala fehlang kopantswe li kopanngoa ka mong'a lebenkele le le leng le boikarabelo ba ho mekhahlelo eohle ea ho qetela unit trust tlhahiso ea sehlahisoa fuoa ke khampani e tšoanang ba leng linaheng tse ling.
• Arohaneng (fapa-fapaneng) teoman bana - ke lik'hamphani tse proizvodnje mefuta e fapaneng ya dihlahiswa: ho tswa ho lijo ho litlolo. Di laoloa ke diyuniti teng linaheng tse sa tšoaneng, ha ho kopantswe tsekaletse kapa plate.

TNCs ke mofuta o khethehileng oa dibanka ditshaba-tshaba (TNB), dikadimo khoebo, 'me ho hlophisa ditransekshene chelete ea machaba. Laola ka naha le tsa machaba limmaraka lichelete, ba ka 'na ba le tšusumetso e tebileng parity bobeli ea lichelete tsa sechaba.

limmaraka

mekhatlo ditshaba-tshaba e ileng ea halofo ea tlhahiso palo yohle liindasteri lefatšeng, 70% ea khoebo ea lefatše, 40% ea leo - ke khoebo ea ka hare ba mekhatlo e itseng ea lichaba tsohle. likhoebo tse ngata merabe e fapaneng ba sebetsang tšimong ea oli e tala, indasteri lik'hemik'hale, likoloi, elektronike. Libakeng tsena, ho bōpa ho hlahisoeng machaba mokgatlo bonolo haholo le chelete e ngata. Teoman bana - e fehlweng ka mafapha a mangata, ho nka taolo ya limmaraka lefatše:

• 90% koro, poone, kofi, koae, lehong, tšepe maraka;
• 85% ya mebaraka ya bauxite le koporo;
• 80% ya marakeng tee le 'maraka thini meepo;
• 75% - oli, rabara le 'maraka, banana.

Teoman bana - e kgwebo e hase kamehla ho kopanela feela tlhahiso, ka mohlala, Siemens, ke dibanka machaba, penshene le chelete dipeeletso, thuno ya le lik'hamphani inshorense.

teoman bana dikatlholo

Global lintlha linatla lefatše ba tsoang linaheng tse 62 beha ka lebelo la moruo oa lefatše, ho 'nile ha hatisoa ka makasine ea Amerika Forbes. Ho akarelletsa ho TNCs 515 ba tsoang United States, 210 Japanese le 113 Sechaena, 56 Indian, 62 Canada mekhatlo. Le sebaka sa pele e neng e le bankeng US JP Morgan Chase. libaka tse ling tse hlano tsa aroloa pakeng tsa General Electric, Bank of America, Exxon Mobil le ICBC.

Bobeli bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e ne e le lintlha mengata e fapaneng ho tloha Partnership bakeng sa New Krrish American. Topped lenane la mabenkele Wal-Mart Stores marangrang ea United States, lekgetho momahanngwa ke tšoana le tekanyetsokabo ya Jeremane. libaka bobeli le la boraro e ne e le Royal Dutch Shell ea Holland le Exxon Mobil. Phahameng-sebaka boemong ba ile ba ea Apple, AT & T, Google, Colgate, Budweiser, eBay, IBM, General Electric le McDonald e. Ho latela litsebi tsa lintlha tsa teoman bana ba bōptjoa ba fetang limilione tse 10 mesebetsi, le bona chelete e kenang hlakanywa ke tse libilione tsa liranta.

Russia ka boemong ba linatla

Ka boemong ba Forbes teoman bana, le Serussia khase fehlweng "Gazprom" o ba amohetse sebaka bo16 la lilemo, o ile a nka boemo ba etellang pele har'a lik'hamphani amanang le oli le khase lefapha la. Ho latela makasine ea United States, phaello ea "Gazprom" ke hoo e ka bang $ 25 limilione tse likete tse, 'me theko lona - $ limilione tse likete tse 133,6 "Lukoil" le "Rosneft" ka boemong ba lefatše a ka 69th le 77th sebaka har'a 115 lik'hamphani ho tloha lefatšeng ka bophara. .

Karolo ea machaba ba mekhatlo e kholo

mekhatlo ditshaba-tshaba phetha karolo ea etellang pele ka globalization tsa lefatše-sehlopha sa R & D. Kabelo ea likhoebo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa ikarabella ka fetang 80% ea dipatenteng ngolisitsoeng le lichelete abetsweng bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa saense. Ka teoman bana sebelisang kajeno batho ba fetang limilione tse 70 selemo le selemo ho hlahisa dihlahiswa tsa hoo e ka bang $ 1 libilione tse. Ka liindasteri amanang ka lik'hamphani machaba mosebetsi feela batho ba limilione tse 150.

TNCs le mebuso

Kajeno, teoman bana linaheng tse ngata tsa lefatše ama Makala ohle a bophelo ba setjhaba, ntle ho mokgelo, le na le matla a fehlweng. Ho na le likhoebo tse ngata, ka ho ya ka letseno feteng ba gdP ea linaha tse ngata, batsamaisi holimo a lik'hamphani tsena hangata etsa khoebo ka ho toba le mebuso. TNCs e matla ba atisa ho tsilatsila ho taolo efe kapa efe, ho akarelletsa le ka maemo a lipolotiki le a moruo. Litsebi le bahlahlobisisi ba ho pheta-pheta a bontša dingongoreho mabapi le monyetla oa ho e khatello e mpe ka lehlakoreng la TNCs ka dinaheng tse nyenyane. Ho na le Maemong a ha moeta-pele o ne a batla mekhatlo tšehetso ke mebuso, esita le haeba ho khampani ne le liphello tse kotsi bakeng sa batho ba le naheng ea boiketlo. Ka mohlala, ka 2003, Halliburton (USA) a etsa konteraka ea ho tsosolosa tsa dibopeho tsa motheo ka Iraq bakeng sa $ 680 ba milione.

multinationals Russia

Ho hlaha ha mekhatlo e kgolo Russia, occupying maemong ea etellang pele ka 'maraka lefatše ka lebaka la ho lilemo tse 15 tse fetileng e bile ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea moruo Serussia.

Qalong ea 2000 a bōpa maemo a molemo ka bakeng sa ho lokolloa ha lik'hamphani 'maloa Russia tse rekisoang ea lefatše lohle. Teoman bana - e le mokhatlo, khampani motsoali oa hore owns motse-moholo oa naha e 'ngoe e nang thepa linaheng tse ling. Tlasa mekgwatiriso lik'hamphani tse latelang lumellane teoman bana Russia NLMK, Rao "UES tsa Russia" mts "VimpelCom", teoman bana-BP, "Alrosa". Teoman bana - ke "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Evraz", "Gazprom", "Rusal", "Severstal", "Sual" MMC "Norilsk nikele". lik'hamphani tsohle holimo na thepa linaheng tse ling, ba ho atolosa 'maraka oa lefatše lohle.

Re lokela ho hlokomela le le botumo bo botle Russia dibanka nang le thepa e 'ngoe. Tsena li akarelletsa "Vneshtorgbank", "chelete Banka", "Alfa-Banka", "MDM-Banka". Ho latela UNCTAD ho TNCs Russia ka classified le lik'hamphani lipalangoang, tse kang "Novoship", "Prisco" le "Ho Bochabela Shipping Company."