Thymus (thymus). Thymus - sebopeho. Thymus - Sebaka

Kajeno re tla u bolella hore na ke thymus (thymus). Ho phaella moo, u tla ithuta kamoo u ka tšepe 'mele o ile a re, seo mesebetsi di phethwa ka le moo e leng hona teng.

Overview

Thymus (thymus) - e le 'mele ea batho ba lymphopoiesis, hammoho le liphoofolo tse ngata. Hoa etsahala immunological "Koetliso", le nonofo ya mmele le khethollo ea ba T-lisele tse ea tsamaiso ea 'mele.

Ponahalo e se Busang

Thymus (thymus) - ke le mokhutšoanyane ka seemo, 'mele le tumellano bonolo, ho ba le pinkish-bohlooho mmala le holim lobed. Ka masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa litekanyo tsa lona di mabapi 4 cm, ka bophara, 5 - ka bolelele le 6 - ka botenya. Thymus ka bana ba ka 'na ba le boima ba ligrama tse ka bang 15-17.

Bolelele ba 'mele o fetela le ho qaleha ha nako ea ho kena bonneng kapa bosaling. Nakong ena litekanyo tsa lona fihle makgabane joalo lebetsoeng le: ho fihlela ho cm, 7,5 ka bophara le 16 - ka bolelele. boima ba sona e ka ba ligrama tse 20-38.

Ka lilemo le thymus (thymus) ka 'na feta felloa ke matla,' me ka botsofali ha e fapana ho ea ka tse nonneng tse pota-potileng dinama tse nyenyane tse. Ka lilemo tse 75, le boima ba joalo 'mele ke dikgerama 6 feela. Ho phaella moo, ho lahlehelwa ke 'mala oa eona. Sena ke ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha bolelelane lona ya lisele tse mafura le stroma. Kahoo, thymus tšoelesa fetoha feta mosehla.

The tšoelesa thymus: lefelo ka 'mele oa motho

The thymus ke litlhōrō tsa sefuba. O pata feela ka mor'a breastbone ena. Ka pele ea 'mele haufi tlhokeng sternum boemong ba la bo4 costal lefufuru, hammoho le letlalo. Ka mor'a hae ama sebakeng ka holimo ea pericardium, e leng koahela likarolong pele ea mothapo methapo le aorta, le letšehali brachiocephalic Vienna le aortic khoro. Mahlakoreng ka bobeli ho na le mediastinal pleura.

Sebōpeho sa 'mele

Hona joale ua tseba hore na thymus. Mohaho oa 'mele ona, re nahana ka hona joale. Ho batho, ho na le e 2-lobes, spliced mong ho e mong, kapa haufi-ufi le haufi. E leng karolo e ka tlaase ea thymus ke ka bophara, 'me ka holimo, ho fapana le hoo, ke moqotetsane haholo. Palo e ka holimo ea 'mele ke ka matla a re hopotsang fereko peli pronged. Ha e le hantle, ke ka hona lebitso la eona.

Ka ho feletseng 'mele kaofela e koahetsoeng ka komiki e khethehileng, e leng e entsoe ka lisele tse teteaneng (connective). Tloha jumper hae ka botebo. Ba arola thymus ka a na le dilae.

Lisele tsa mmele, mali phepelo le innervation

Phepelo ea mali ea lekala leo le tsoa makala thymic tsa khoro aortic, thoracic mothapo (hare), le kutu brachiocephalic le makala a tsa ka tlaase le e ka holimo methapo thyroid. Mabapi le outflow venous, e etsoa ka ho makala brachiocephalic le ka hare methapong thoracic.

The lisele tsa mmele phallang tloha thymus le lisele tsa mmele parasternal akira theo gun tracheobronchial.

Innervated thymus (mosebetsi oa 'mele ona tla emeloang o bitswang) le letšehali le makala tokelo ea ho methapo ea kutlo vagus, le kutloelo-bohloko, e leng ho e simolohe ho tswa stellate mafito le kutloelo-bohloko le ka holimo thoracic kutu tse entsoe ka plexuses methapo ea kutlo tse pota-potileng lijana fepa ka' mele.

Sebōpeho sa dinama tse nyenyane tse ka

Thymic stroma na le ka ho feletseng ba epithelium. Diverticula simoloha ho tloha boraro Gill khoro, 'me ka nako eo mela ka mediastinum anterior. Maemong a mang, ho stroma ea lekala e thehoa ka ho palesa eketsehileng (ho tloha ho lipara 4th tsa arches branchial).

Lymphocytes tse tswang lisele tse hematopoietic bakoang hore fallela setho sebete. Ka tloaelo, sena se etsahala ka lekhetlo la pele, trimester bobeli.

Le sebaka sa pele ka thymus dinama tse nyenyane tse ke keketseho ea lisele tse fapaneng mali. Leha haufinyane mosebetsi lona e fokotsehile hore ho thehoe T-lymphocytes. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, thymus na le sebopeho lobed. Ka lisele tsa lobes boko khetholla le cortex. Ea bobeli e teng ka periphery le shebahala joaloka letheba lefifi. Hape ka cortex ea ho na le methapong ea mali le ho arterioles.

E lokela ho haholo-holo o ile a hlokomela hore karolo a sebetsang a kenyelletsa ditokiseletso lisele tse:

• hematopoietic lymphoid lesika (khr, hōlileng ka ho feletseng T-lymphocytes);
• haematopoietic macrophage letoto lena (interdigitiruyuschie le dendritic lisele tse, e tloaelehileng ea macrophages).

Ho phaella moo, cortex se akarelletsa lisele tsa se hlahang ho yona epithelial, ho akarelletsa le:

• stellate (thymus secrete qhibilihang ka har'a li-hormone - thymosin, thymopoietin le tse ling tse laolang khōlo thulaganyong, khethollo ea le nonofo ya mmele ea lisele T, 'me mosebetsi oa lisele ba hōlileng tsebong ho feta ya boitshireletso ba mmele).
• tshehetso lisele tse (ka lebaka la ho bona Ho thehoa "masapo" dinama tse nyenyane tse, 'me o boetse o thehoa gematotimusny mokoallo);
• kletki "Nanny" le intussusception, moo lymphocytes hlahisa.

Tlas'a 'mele ona komiki ho rena T lymphoblasts (fissile). More ka ho teba teng maturing T lymphocytes, eo butle-butle fallela ho ntho boko. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore le nonofo ya mmele bona o ka bang 20 matsatsi. Ka nako ena ho na le sebopeho le rearrangement tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso khouto T-seleng ea receptor. Ka mor'a moo, ba ile ba feta kgetho (positive,). Ka mantsoe a mang, ho sebelisana le lisele tse epithelial qala ho khetha feela "loketse" lymphocytes, sebedisana receptors le TCR.

Bohato bo latelang ke tlhopho ya lymphocytes negative. Ho matha ka ho toba ka le moeli oa elements bokong. lisele tse se hlahang ho yona monocytic ba qala ho khetha lisele ba khona ho sebelisana le antigens ea 'mele,' me joale qala apoptosis bona.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ka medulla ho na le hangata T-lymphocytes (ripening). Ho tloha mona ba siea maling le lula le 'mele. Lisele ka bophara ntho e hlahisa stellate, tšehetsa lisele tse epithelial le macrophages. Ho phaella moo, ho na le nyenyane Hassall le efferent lijana lymphatic.

Thymus: mesebetsi

Ke hobane'ng ha re hloka 'mele ona le seo mosebetsi e etsang' meleng? hormone Thymic kang timalin, thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic humoral Ntlha e, insulin joaloka kgolo ya ntlha e-1 di polypeptides. Ha motho hypothymism tla hlokomela, o na le maloetseng ka lebaka la ho fokotseha ha ho tshwailwe fokotseha palo ea T-lymphocytes maling.

Kahoo, ho ka tsela e sireletsehileng ho hlokomela hore ho T-lymphocytes ka thymus ho fumana thepa ea joalo hore sireletsa lisele ba 'mele ka bojaki (ka lebaka la ho tsoa likotsi tse sa tšoaneng). Tahlehelo ea pele ea mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea thymus tšoelesa e ka etsa hore tshebetso haelloang ea tsamaiso ea batho 'mele.

lisele tse Epithelial ea lobes thymus hlahisa li-hormone hore o laola oa ho fetola lymphocytes ka o ile a re litho tse ling. Maemong a mang, ho ba motho e moholo ka 'na ba le phetoho e itseng ho sireletsehile maloetseng ana. E le busa, hona ke ka lebaka la ho liphetoho pathological ka thymus le litho tsa ka hare tse ling tse lymphoid. kheloha hona ka 'na ba sesosa sa lefu la tšohanyetso la mokuli nakong thethebatso ka buuoa.

Litsebi li bolela hore ho thymus ke lekala bohareng ea tsamaiso ea batho 'mele.

molao oa tsamaiso

Thymus-hormone le secretion bona e laolwa ke glucocorticoids, ke hore, eo ho thoeng ke li-hormone tsa cortex adrenal. Ho phaella moo, bakeng sa ho sebetsa ha 'mele le bona bo ikarabellang interferons, lymphokines le interleukins, e hlahisoang ke lisele tsa e fapaneng ya boitshireletso ba mmele.

Khoneha lefu thymus

'mele ona ka tlas'a bopengwi tse kang:

• Di Dzhorzhi lefu;
• Medac lefu;
• myasthenia gravis (ho ntshetsa pele e le lefu le le ikemetseng, empa hangata bo amahanngoa le thymoma).

Ho phaella moo, 'meleng ho bontšitsoe ka etsa hore dihlahala tse kang:

• thymoma, thymic thehoa ho tswa ho e seleng ea epithelial;
• T-seleng ea lymphoma, hlahella ho tloha lymphocytes, 'me precursors ea bona;
• neuroendocrine lihlahala;
• pele ho T-lymphoblast lihlahala tse linako tse ling e na le diriswa mathomo ka thymus le ba khetholloa ka mokgwa wa e khukhuneloa maholohali ka mediastinum e, lateloa ke instantaneous ntlafalo ka kankere ea mali;
• seoelo hlahala (methapo ea kutlo le hlahang ho yona vascular).

Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore dihlahala thymic a ka ba le ponahalo ea syndrome, ba endocrine neoplasia mofuta 1.

Ke mang ho ikopanya le tsa phuputso e entsoeng ka?

Haeba ho na le libata masene le hore diso ka etsahala thymus, ka nako eo o lokela ho hang-hang etela immunologist le oncologist. E Thehiloe ho ya data MRI, X-ray le CT scan ninemanga.com ea sefuba, lingaka li ka beha mokuli e fumanoe nepahetse behe kalafo (mekhoa e tloaetsoeng kapa ho buoa).