Rock-eaba ba etsa le liminerale tsa igneous, sedimentary le mafika metamorphic

Boholo ba matsoai lefika-eaba ba etsa e 'ngoe ea mantsoe e ka sehloohong ea karolong e ka holimo ea Lefatše - lefika. The atileng ka ho fetisisa quartz, Mica, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene le ba bang. Meteorites le mafika fifala ha khoeli, hape, ke oa bona. Leha e le lefika-eaba ba etsa matsoai ke oa sehlopha sa 'ngoe kapa e mong - ho ba ka sehloohong, e leng liphesente tse fetang tse leshome, se mahareng - ho fihlela ho liphesente tse leshome, kathoko - tlase liphesente tse ngoe. The ntho e ka sehloohong ke hore ho na le motheo, li silicates, chop, oxides, chloride kapa sulfates.

ho se tšoane

Rock-eaba ba etsa matsoai ka 'na ba khanya (leucocratic, Salic), tse kang quartz, feldspathoids, feldspars, le le joang, hona e le' mala o lefifi (melanocratic, mafic) ka olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, 'me ba bang. Ba ne ba boetse ba khetholloa ka ho hlophisoa. Rock-eaba ba etsa matsoai ke silica, carbonate kapa halogen majoe. Paragenesis - motsoako oa mefuta e fapaneng, hlalosang lebitso, e bitsoang mok'hadinale. Ka mohlala, ho kopantswe le granites oligoclase, microcline le quartz.

Sehlopha sa liminerale lefika-eaba ba etsa, e leng ho fana ka sebaka sa lefika ka petrographic thalo - ho hlahloba lefu kapa bontshang matshwao. Sena quartz feldspathoids le olivine. Hape khetholla liminerale mathomo syngenetic eaba ba etsa e bakang kaofela le se mahareng etsahala nakong tšokoloho ea bakang ho. Ne ba qapa ka sehloohong lefika-eaba ba etsa le liminerale tse likarolo lik'hemik'hale bitsoa petrogenic. Na O, N, F, S, C, CL, MG, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

thepa ea liminerale

sebopeho kristale le lik'hemik'hale tse laolwang ke thepa ea liminerale tsohle. Phumano e atlehe ho sebelisa mefuta e fapaneng ea mekhoa katisediwa - and analysis spectral, k'hemistri, elektrone microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Tšimong ikwetlisetse ikemiselitse protozoa (tekotshupo) thepa ea liminerale feela pono ke leihlo. Boholo ba bona ba 'mele. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaloso e tobileng ea matsoai hloka kaofela mefuta e fapaneng ya mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka. Ba bang ba thepa ea nang le liminerale fapaneng e ka ba e tšoanang, ha ba bang - ha ho joalo.

Ho itšetlehile ka ho ba teng ha litšila phetha molao, e lik'hemik'hale le sebopeho kgetho. Haholo ka seoelo le thepa ya sehlooho di joalo bath, hore hoa khoneha ho nepo hlahloba Lejoe efe kapa efe thabeng. Diagnostic thepa li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo. Optical le ho phetha molao feela thepa ea teboho sehlopha ho bona lumella boikemisetso ba ea thepa bakeng sa mong le e mong Lejoe le 'ngoe. Boraro sehlopha - tse ling, ka thepa le thuso ya ho fumanoe haholo-holo tse itseng le liminerale.

Monomineral le polymineral bakang

Rocks majoe - tlhaho matsoai accumulations ba boima, koahela holim 'a Earth, ho nka karolo kahong ea makhapetla a sona. Mona, ka e se e ile a re, ho akarelletsa ho fapaneng ka ho feletseng ka lik'hemik'hale tsa ntho ena. Tseo majoe, eo ho hlophisoa - le 'ngoe matsoai e bitsoang monomineral, le tsohle tse ling tse entsoeng ka mefuta e' meli ea mafika le ho feta - multimineral. Ka mohlala, a lejoe la mokoetla - calcite ka ho feletseng, ka lebaka leo, o ile a monominerals. Empa morema - tse sa tšoaneng. Li akarelletsa bobeli quartz le Mica, le feldspar, 'me e le tse ling tse ngata tse sa tšoaneng.

Mono- le multimineral itšetlehile ka eo dithulaganyo Geological etsahetseng sebakeng seo. O ka nka Lejoe efe kapa efe lithaba, 'me ho hlalosa sebaka se hantle, esita le sebaka seo ho sona ho ile ka isoa. Ba tšoana le mong ho e mong, 'me ka nako e tšoanang ke hoo e ka bang mohla e tšoanang. Tsena kaofela mafika ithutileng tsona. Majoe haholo tsohle sheba e tšoanang, empa thepa ea bona lik'hemik'hale ho ile ha thehoa ka dithulaganyo fapaneng.

hlahang ho yona

Ho ea ka maemo a eo ho eona sebopeho sa lithaba, khetholla sedimentary, metamorphic le mafika igneous. Bakeng sa majoe igneous kenyeletsa ea hore ho ile ha thehoa ho tswa ho phatloha ya seretse se chesang. Khubelu-chesang, entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa lefika, Cooling fatše, fetoloa boima tiileng kristale. Tshebetso ena o tsoela ka matsatsi a rōna.

The entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa seretse se chesang e khōlō palo ya metsoako lik'hemik'hale hore ba angoa ke khatello e phahameng ea le mocheso, ho sa tsotellehe ha e le hantle hore ba bangata ba metsoako ba ka puso gaseous. Khatello qobelle seretse sena se chesang ho holim'a metsi kapa haufi le eona e lumellana le ho qala ho pholile. Mocheso ho feta e lahlehileng ka ho eketsehileng, ka etsahala hore ebe le boima hlaka ka ho benyang. rerang tekanyo crystallization le boholo kristale. Holim 'a tshebetso Cooling ke ho itima lijo, likhase le mouoane, le lejoe le joalo e metle-grained e fumana,' me ka botebo ba thehoa kristale kgolo.

Effusive le tebileng bonaletsang mafika

Crystallized seretse se chesang e arotsoe litšobotsing tse peli sehlooho tseo fa lebitso le sehlopha. Ke mafika magmatic amana effusive sehlopha, i.e. extrusive le intrusive sehlopha - botebo crystallization. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, ho folisoa seretse se chesang ka libakeng tse sa tšoaneng, 'me ka hona fumana fapaneng lefika-eaba ba etsa matsoai. Izlivshayasya volatilization khase ntlafatsa le ba bang ba metsoako lik'hemik'hale le tse ling e ba futsanehileng. kristale tse nyenyane li fumana. Ka seretse se chesang tebileng metsoako hase ntho e ncha, mocheso o lahlehile butle, kahoo, kristale ka sebopeho lona le leholo.

mafika Effusive ke andesites le basalts, hoo e ka bang halofo ea 'ona, a fumanehe ka seoelo Lipari tsohle majoe tse ling ka karolo e ka holimo ea lefatše e seng oa bohlokoa. Tebileng thehoa hangata porphyry le morema, ba ka linako tse ling li mashome a mabeli ho feta ba bang kaofela. Mathomo igneous majoe ho itšetlehile ka ho hlophisoa ha quartz arotsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano. mafika bonaletsang kenyeletsa a mangata litšila, har'a tse lokela ho hlokomela mefuta e fapaneng ya micro- le ultramicroelements eo ka yona karolong e ka holimo sekoahelo sa eona mefuta eohle ea limela.

seretse se chesang

Seretse se chesang e na le hoo e ka bang kaofela nako le nako tafole busitse Ti, Na, MG, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, le mefuta e fapaneng ya dikarolo hloka botsitso - chloro, fluoro, hydrogen, sulfide hydrogen, carbon le oxides lona le tse ling tse joalo, le se le metsi ka sebōpeho sa mouoane. Ha seretse se chesang e tsamaea ho fihlela ho holim'a metsi, haholo ho fokotsa palo ea bobeli. Ka Cooling liforomo seretse se chesang metaborate - matsoai ka, hoo ho emela metsoako e sa tšoaneng silica. Silicates bitsoa tsohle tse joalo na mwango ya le liminerale - letsoai le asiti silicic. Aluminosilicates na le matsoai aluminosilicate acid.

Basalt seretse se chesang e khōlō, e nang le nako kabo bolelloa batho ba bangata 'me halofo e na le silica, tse setseng ba etsang liphesente tse mashome a mahlano - ke magnesium, tšepe, k'halsiamo, aluminium (haholo), phosphorus, thaethaniamo, potassium, sodium (ka tlaase). Basaltic seretse se chesang arotswe oversaturated le silica - tholeiitic le olivine e ngata alkalis basalt. Granitic seretse se chesang - bolila, rhyolite, silica ho lona esita le ho feta, ho fihlela ho liphesente tse mashome a tšeletseng, empa segokanyipalo e eketsehileng viscous, tlase e bobebe le haholo ba phelelang ho likhase ena. palo efe kapa efe ea seretse se chesang kamehla evolving tlas'a tšusumetso ea dithulaganyo lik'hemik'hale.

silicates

Sena ke sehlopha sa ho fetisisa atile oa liminerale tsa tlhaho - fetang liphesente tse mashome a supileng a metso e mehlano tsa boima ba karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše, hammoho le karolo ea boraro ea liminerale tsohle tsejoa. Boholo ba bona ba - the lefika-eaba ba etsa le magmatic le metamorphic hlahang ho yona. Silicates ba qapa le mafika sedimentary, 'me ba bang ba bona ba sebeletsa monna mahakoe Tšepe e le hore a fumane tšepe (tšepe metaborate, ho etsa mohlala)' me ba hlahiswa ka liminerale.

Ba na le mohaho o rarahaneng le lik'hemik'hale. Mehaho theiboleng tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ha lihlopha ionic tetravalent Sio ₄ - habeli tetraerd. Silicates ke sehlekehleke sohle, lesale, ketane, lebanta, lakane (dikarolo), setopo. karohano ena e itšetlehile ka hore ha e kopana le silicon e tetraerdov.

tlhophiso ea mafika

Morao-rao thalo sebakeng sena ba ile ba qala lekholong la ea leshome le metso e robong le mashome a mabeli fumanoeng ntshetsopeleng haholo e le saense ya petrography, petrology. Ka 1962 o ne a qala ho bōpa Petrographic Komiti ea USSR. Hona joale mokhatlo o fanang ka ke ka Moscow IGEM.

Tekanyo ea phetolo mahareng majoe ha seretse se chesang fapana bobeli kaynotipnye - le monyenyane, ha aa fetoha, 'me palaeotypal - khale, ea ileng a recrystallized le temana e itseng. Sena ha seretse se chesang mafikeng, clastic, eo ho ile ha thehoa nakong lekhopho le bopilwe piroklastitov (likhechana). tlhophiso lik'hemik'hale bolela karohano ka lihlopha ho itšetlehile ka diteng tsa silica. mafika Igneous ka sebopeho ka ba ultrabasic, ea motheo, mahareng, acid e le marang-acid e.

Batholiths le metšoasong

kgolo haholo, kamehla e bopehileng matšoele a mafika intrusive ba bitsoa batholiths. Sebaka sa lihlopha tsena li ka ba hakanyetsoang ke likete-kete km lisekoere. Ena ke karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ea lithabeng tseo a phuthilweng, moo batholiths atolosa ho tsamaiso ea bohle ba lithabeng. Entsoe ka mahoashe-grained morema le sekame, dithulaganyo le protrusions, thehoa ho tloha selelekeleng ba seretse sena se chesang granitic.

molamu o na le sefapano sectional sebopeho chitja kapa elliptical. Ba nyenyane ka boholo batholith - hangata ea ka tlaasana ho ka km lisekoere lekholo, ka linako tse ling - tse makholo a mabeli, empa ba bang kaofela ba thepa le tse tšoanang. melamu ngata protrude tswa Boima ba Dome batholith-joaloka. mabota bona ba steeply ina, contour tsoeng.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Mushroom kapa Dome e bōpehileng joaloka sebōpeho thehoa ke magmas viscous, e bitsoang laccoliths. Ho na le hangata e lihlopha. Ba le mokhutšoanyane ka seemo - ho fihlela ho km 'maloa ka bophara. Laccoliths bakang, hōla tlas'a khatello ea seretse se chesang tlosoa ntle le robang layering ea karolong e ka holimo ea. The tšoana haholo le li-mushroom. Etmolity fapana, ho funnel e bōpehileng joaloka, tšesaane karolo fatše. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, se qalang moqotetsane o ile a sebeletsa ka lihlahisoa seretse se chesang.

Lopolith ke koping e bōpehileng joaloka 'mele, bulging fatše' me a phahamisa metshetshe. Ba Hape, ne ho bonahala eka ho hōla ho tloha fatše, ntle le senya holim'a lefatše, 'me ba joaloka otlolla eona. Majoe tla kapele kapa ka mor'a moo mapetsong hlaha - ka mabaka a fapaneng. Seretse se chesang o ikutloa mefokolo ea le ho hatelloa ke qala ho tlatsa ka likheo tsohle le mapetsong, ka nako e tšoanang 'me le monya lefika potolohileng tlas'a tšusumetso ea thempereichara e ngata haholo. Ka tsela eo ha thehoa dikes. Ba tse nyenyane - ka mose ho tloha halofo ea mitha ho limithara tse makholo a 'maloa, empa esita le km tse tsheletseng ha ba feta. E le seretse se chesang pholisa fatše ka mapetsong potlako dikes kamehla sebopeho e metle-grained. Ha lithaba li bone moqotetsane maporogo - lefika - sena ke ho ka etsahala, dikes, hobane ke ho feta manganga ho khoholeho ea mobu ho feta lefika e potolohileng.