Maloetseng ke eng? maloetseng tlhaho, tlhaho maloetseng lintlha

Ha Sepheo tsoang linaheng tse ling 'meleng le hore a sireletse bophelo ba batho o fumana sireletsehile maloetseng ana. Kamoo e ntshetswa pele, ho itšetlehile ka kotsi ea ho tšoaetsoa mafu a tšoaetsanoang. Kahoo, maloetseng le - sena ke bokhoni ba 'mele ea ho hanela hlaseloa ka bojaki.

boitshireletso ba mmele ke sebelisana haufi le tsamaiso ea tse ling tse ka 'mele oa motho. Ka hona, ho etsa mohlala, e fumaneha ho mo tšohile kapa endocrine mafu tla fokotsa maloetseng, le maloetseng tlaase, le eena, a 'mele kaofela e khona lematsa.

O ile a hlalosa tshireletso 'mele e arotsoe tse peli mefuta: maloetseng congenital le se fumaneng. Ho ekelletsa moo ho feta, re tla bolella ka makgetha a ho bona le mekhoa ea nkang khato.

Tlhaho ea moamoheli tshireletso

Motho ka mong ea tsoaletsoeng ka tshireletso makgetheng lona, e leng etsa ho fihlela tsamaiso ea 'mele. maloetseng tlhaho e futsitseng le tsamaea le bophelo ba motho.

Ha a hlaha, lesea ho tsoa pōpelong nyopa kena lefatšeng le lecha ho eena, moo ho hang-hang qala ho hlasela ho feta le ha microorganisms botsoalle eo ka ho teba kotsi bophelo bo botle le lesea. Empa o ne a sa kula hang-hang. E mpa feela e etsahala hobane ha a sebelisana le likokoana-hloko tse joalo thusa 'mele ho tsoa tsoaloa tsa tlhaho maloetseng tlhaho.

E mong le e 'mele e loana ka hare bona tshireletso. ea sesole sa 'mele tlhaho ke matla ka ho lekaneng, empa ho itšetlehile ka lefutso tsa motho ka mong.

Sebopeho sa tshireletso ea 'mele ea

maloetseng tlhaho qala sebopeho lona ha ngoana ka pōpelong. Se tloha khoeling ea bobeli ba boimana ba behela likaroloana, e leng tla ba le boikarabelo ba polokeho ea ngoana. Di hlahiswa ho tloha lisele tse bakoang, 'me joale oela spleen ena. Ho phagocytes - lisele tsa maloetseng tlhaho. Ba sebetsa le batho ka bomong le ha clones. mosebetsi bona tsa mantlha e batla bakeng sa beha dintho tletseng bora 'meleng (antigens) le neutralizing bona.

Itse thulaganyou e le hlaha ka tsela mekgwa itseng phagocytosis:

1. Phagocyte susumelletsa ho antigen ena.
2. Khomaretse e.
3. Butswe phagocyte lera.
4. The phatsa e ka hoheloa gorole, 'me molekeng oa lera li koaloa holim' a eona, kapa Ho thehoa pseudopodia, koahetseng hae.
5. The vacuole le kenyeleditsweng likaroloana ho eona tsoang linaheng tse ling ba kene lysosomes nang tshilong ya dijo enzyme.
6. The antigen e timetsoa le ho thuisoa.
7. lihlahisoa ho hlepha ba lokolloa ka seleng.

'Meleng ho na le boetse ho na le ea tse ling - bontša limolek'hule. Holim 'a ba bonoa lintho kotsi ba bakela phagocytes. Sebedisa ea tse ling, lisele tse phagocytic ka etsa hore ho thusa liseleng tse ling phagocytic ho antigen le ebe o kenya tshebetsong lisele tse khaolitse ho foqoha seretse.

Tshireletso ya mosebetsing

Tekanyo ea ho ho hanyetsa ea 'mele ea ho tšoaetso ea phetha karolo ea bohlokoa boitshireletso ba mmele. maloetseng tlhaho ka Maemong a joalo, 'mele o fana ka tšireletso ea ho 60%. Hlahellang ka tsela mekgwa tse latelang:

• fumaneha ha ditshita tse sa tlhaho ka 'mele:. sa lera la mucous, letlalo le litsoelesa sebaceous, joalo-joalo;.
• sebeteng;
• tšebetso ea seo ho thoeng ke motlatsi tsamaiso e khopo e entsoeng ka 20 protheine tsa maiketsetso ke sebete;
• phagocytosis;
• interferon, nk,-lisele tse, NKT-lisele tse;
• -ba khahlanong le a hlabang ea tse ling;
• lisireletsi tlhaho;
• loantsang likokoana peptides.

Futsitseng matla a ho timetsa dintho tsoang linaheng tse ling, hangata e dumellana le mola oa pele oa ho sireletsa bophelo ba batho. The mekgwa ya maloetseng tlhaho na tšobotsi ea joalo, e le ea nang le liphello tse ka potlako fana ho timetsoa ha pathogen le, ntle le mekhahlelo e tsa go baakanyetsa. lera la Mucous secrete mucus, eo e thibelang e ikamahanya khoneha ea microorganisms le motsamao oa cilia aa apoha pampitšana matšoafo tloha likaroloana tsoang linaheng tse ling.

maloetseng tlhaho e sa fetoha, 'me e laoloang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso se futsitseng. Nk,-lisele tse (seo ho thoeng ke tsela ea tlhaho babolai) tlhaho tshireletso mo bolaea. likokoana-hloko ha thehoa 'mele, - ho ka ba bajari ba kokoana-hloko kapa hlahala liseleng. Ha palo le mosebetsi oa nk,-lisele tse oela, lefu lena le qala ho hatela pele.

maloetseng fumanweng

Ha maloetseng tlhaho ke le teng ka batho ba ho tloha ha a tsoaloa, a fumana hlahella ha ka tshebetso ya ho bophelo. Ho tluoa tabeng ka mefuta e 'meli:

1. Ha ho pelaelo hore nkiloeng - thehoa ka tshebetso ya ho bophelo bo e le karabelo ho kena antigens mele le likokoana-hloko.
2. Artificially fumanweng - eaba ba etsa ka lebaka la go thibela malwetsi.

The ente e antigen laolwa, 'me' mele o arabela ho ba teng ha sona. Hlokomela "sera", 'mele o hlahisa lisireletsi ho felisa e. Ho phaella moo, ha a ntse a antigen lula ka seleng memoring ya, 'me ka tabeng ea sa tlhaselo e ncha, o tla boela a timetsoa.

Kahoo, ho na le "immunological memori kapa" ka 'mele. maloetseng a fumana e ka ba "nyopa", ke hore ba lula ba le bophelo, empa maemong a mangata ho na le nako e telele kamoo 'mele ke kotsi pathogen.

Melao-motheo ea ho Tshireletso ya maloetseng tlhaho le etsehang

melao-motheo ea tsireletso ea hae ka tsela e tšoanang - ho timetsoa ha lintho kotsi. Empa maloetseng ena tlhaho loanela le likaroloana kotsi ka tsela ho ruruha le phagocytosis, 'me o sebelisa lithibela-mafu e fumanweng le lisele tse' mele.

Ho sebetsa ho sireletsa bana ba tla ama tse peli. tsamaiso e khopo babatsoang ke mokena-lipakeng pakeng tsa bona, le tswelopela lona e tiisa ka tsela e le karabelo ba mmele. Ho joalo, ba nk,-lisele tse ke karolo ea maloetseng ea tlhaho, 'me ba hlahisa ea tse ling, e leng, le eena, a laola mosebetsi oa T-lymphocytes, attributable ho fumana ya.

Ho ntlafatsa thepa mokoallo

maloetseng etsehang, tlhaho maloetseng - tsohle ena ke ea se nang molekane kokangana tsamaiso, 'me ka tsela ea ho matlafatsa e hloka e mokgwathupelo lotaganngwa. U lokela ho nka tlhokomelo ea 'mele ka kakaretso, sena se ba thusa:

• lekaneng 'meleng mosebetsi;
• phepo e nepahetseng;
• tikoloho ya e tšoanelang;
• ho noa livithamine;
• khafetsa airing ea kamoreng le ho boloka e ka mocheso e tšoanelang le mongobo.

Phepo e nepahetseng le tsona ho phetha karolo ea ka ho atleha ha boitshireletso ba mmele. Ho etsa hore ho sebetsa hantle, ho ja lijo tse lokela ho ba teng:

• nama;
• tlhapi;
• meroho le litholoana;
• lijo tse tsoang leoatleng;
• lebese lihlahisoa;
• tee e tala;
• linate;
• lijo-thollo;
• legumes.

bofello

Ho tloha holimo ho hlakile hore re lokela ho ba le hantle ntshetswa pele sesole sa 'mele ho bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba batho. maloetseng tlhaho le e fumanweng tse kokangana le thusa 'mele tlosa kotsi likaroloana li ikhakantse ho eona. Le bakeng sa mosebetsi oa bona o boleng o lokela ho tela mekhoa e mebe le ho boloka bophelo bo phetseng hantle, a se ke a senya mekhoa ea boipheliso ea "ho tšehetsa" liseleng.