Lisebelisoa tsa elektrolyte

Lisebelisoa tsa electrolyte ke metsi a ikhethang, ao ka karolo e itseng kapa ka ho feletseng ka mokhoa oa lihlahisoa tse qositsoeng (ions). Ts'ebetso ea ho arola limolek'hule ka mefuta-futa (anions) le li-cation tse nang le likhaello tse ntle li bitsoa ho arohana ha electrolytic. Ho itšehla tharollo hoa khoneha feela ka lebaka la bokhoni ba li-ion hore li sebelisane le limolek'hule tsa metsi a pola, a etsang lintho tse kang solvent.

Electrolyte ke eng?

Tharollo ea electrolyte e arotsoe ka metsi le e seng aqueous. Metsi a ithutoa hantle mme a ajoa haholo. Li phela hoo e ka bang litho tsohle tse phelang le ho kenya letsoho likarolong tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tsa likokoana-hloko. Li-electrolyte tse se nang metsi li sebelisetsoa ho tsamaisa metsoako ea electrochemical le lik'hemik'hale tse sa tšoaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Tšebeliso ea bona e lebisitse tlhophisong ea mehloli e ncha ea lik'hemik'hale. Ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho photoelectrochemical elements, organic synthesis, electrolyte capacitors.

Lisebelisoa tsa electrolyte, ho itšetlehile ka tekanyo ea ho khetholla, li ka aroloa ka matla, tse mahareng le tse fokolang. Tekanyo ea ho khetholla (α) ke karolelano ea palo ea limolek'hule tse oeleng ka likaroloana tse qositsoeng ho palo eohle ea limolek'hule. Ka electrolyte e matla, boleng ba litsela tse 1, bakeng sa bohareng α≈0.3, le bakeng sa α <0.1 e fokolang.

Li-electrolyte tse matla hangata li kenyelletsa letsoai, li-acids tse 'maloa - HCl, HBr, HI, HNO ₃ , H ₂ SO ₄ , HClO ₄ , barium hydroxides, strontium, calcium le lisebelisoa tsa alkali. Likarolo tse ling le li-acids ke li-electrolyte tse mahareng kapa tse fokolang.

Matlotlo a tharollo ea electrolyte

Ho thehoa ha tharollo hangata ho tsamaisana le liphello tsa motlakase le phetoho ea molumo. Tshebetso ea ho qhala electrolyte ka metsi e etsahala ka mekhahlelo e meraro:

1. Ho senngoa ha liphallelo tsa li-intermolecular le lik'hemik'hale tsa electrolyte e qhibilihisitsoeng ho hloka hore ho sebelisoe matla a mangata 'me ka hona, mocheso o kenngoa (ΔH _linako > 0).
2. Nakong ena, mokelikeli o qala ho sebelisana le li-ions tsa electrolyte, e leng se hlahisang sebōpeho sa solvates (ka tharollo e mengata - hydrates). Ts'ebetso ena e bitsoa solvation mme e ts'oarela, i. E. Ho na le ho lokolloa ha mocheso (ΔH _hydr <0).
3. Sethala sa ho qetela se fapane. Ena ke ho tsamaisoa ha seaparo sa hydrates (solvates) ka tsela e lekanang le karolong ea tharollo. Ts'ebetso ena e hloka lits'enyehelo tsa matla 'me kahoo tharollo e pholile (ΔH _e ) 0).

Ka hona, phello ea motlakase ea ho qhaqha electrolyte e ka ngoloa ka mokhoa ona:

ΔH _litekanyetso = ΔH _linako + ΔH _hydr + ΔH _fapaneng

Pontšo ea ho qetela ea phello ea motlakase ea ho qhaqha electrolyte e itšetlehile ka hore na ho na le phello efe ea matla e tla ba teng. Hangata tshebetso ena e fela.

Matlotlo a tharollo a itšetlehile haholo ka mofuta oa likarolo tse ling. Ho phaella moo, thepa ea electrolyte e ama sebōpeho sa tharollo, khatello le mocheso.

Ho itšetlehile ka hore na ho na le lintho tse ling tse fokolang, metsoako eohle ea electrolyte e ka aroloa haholo (e nang le "litsela" feela tsa electrolyte), e hloekisitsoeng (e nang le lintho tse nyenyane tsa solute) 'me e tsepamisitsoe (e nang le lintho tse ngata tsa elektrolyte).

Lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale ho tharollo ea electrolyte, tse bakoang ke ho tsamaea ha motlakase, li lebisa ho lokolloa ha lintho tse itseng li-electrode. Ketsahalo ena e bitsoa electrolysis mme e atisa ho sebelisoa indastering ea kajeno. Haholo-holo, ka lebaka la electrolysis, aluminium, hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide le lintho tse ling tse ngata tsa bohlokoa li fumanoa.