Likepe thepa le tlhophiso bona

tlhophiso efe kapa efe ya makhotleng malapeng e thehiloe haholo-holo ka morero oa bona. likepe thepa ba classified e le 'ngoe. Baahi ba arotsoe ka khoebo, ho tsamaisa bao e leng ea likepe 'me tšebeletso ea botekgeniki le tšehetso.

tsamaisa

lijana thepa tsena ke ea mantlha ka sehloohong la nōka le leoatle likepe. Ba li etselitsoe ho jara mefuta e fapaneng ya cargoes. sehlopha sena e na le ka hare tsa lona tlhophiso: thepa likepe, thepa le ho e khethehileng. Ha e le hantle, ho na le thepa likepe tsa oli le thepa omileng, 'me li akarelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ya ditumellano tsa lekhotla le mefuta e.

Dintlha tla tšohloa e mong oa mefuta ena, ho kenyelletswa le bajari bongata, morero oa akaretsang le e khethehileng bakeng sa ho jara mejaro tieo hlalosoa. Etselitsoeng ho akaretsang thepa lijana ho tsamaisa - General morero. Ba ho matleng a ea mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo.

lijana Dry thepa

Dry bongata thepa lijana - e likepe le bona kaofela occupying karolo e khōlō e khōlō e tlang. Ba tla ka le 'ngoe, habeli' me trohpalubnymi, ho itšetlehile ka boholo ba sekepe. Kamore enjene hangata hloka disele enjene dimela, ho e teng e ka ba fepa ka kapa ile a khaotsa haufi le nko 'maloa thepa e tlang. Bakeng sa e mong le e tšoare thepa likepe diporojeke tse di kenyeletsa qhotsoa tsa lona, kapa esita le e 'ngoe, koaloa mechanically.

Thepa mahlahana a kenyeletsa phathatsa kapa metsu motho le bokgoni ba boima ba lithane tse fihlang ho tse leshome, 'me likepe tse boima ba a hlomelloa le matla le ho feta - ho fihlela ho lithane tse makholo a mabeli. Morao-rao metsing lijana thepa ba refrigerated nang bakeng sa thepa tse senyehang le litanka tebileng bakeng sa oli mokelikeli lijo. Empa nōka e omileng thepa lijana, ho sa tsotellehe boholo ba le bokhoni ba fana ka e 'ngoe feela thepa ho tshwarella, eo ha ho bonolo hore a phethe play loading le tshebetso unloading.

Lekhotla le ile la e khethehileng

Joalo bongata bajari ka arotsoe ka lihlopha ho sehatsetsi, trailer, likepe setshelo, likepe lifate bakeng sa ho tsamaisa ba likoloi, bongata thepa, likhomo le tse ling. Refrigerated lipalangoang senyehang dijo - litholoana, tlhapi kapa nama. The thepa nang - kwahelang ka tšeptjoang, diyuniti refrigeration, ho fana ka tsoelang pele tsidifatso ka mocheso oa likhato tse hlano ka ho tloswa mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano. lihatsetsi mehleng ena li ka e seng feela ho boloka mocheso, empa hape le ho etsa leqhoa ka potlako, ba ile ba bua ka tlhahiso le ho tsamaisa sehatsetsi. Dry thepa likepe tsa tsamaisa litholoana, ba fana ventilation ntlafatsoa tsohle le tšoereng.

Technical litšobotsi tsa lijaneng tsa thepa fana ka ho phahamisa bokgoni ho fihlela ho lithane tse leshome le metso e sekete, lebelo la jwalo bajari bongata phahame ho feta lijaneng tsa kakaretso-morero, e le lijo tse senyehang 'me' na ha hloka ho pepa ka potlako. literaka setshelo tsamaisa ka pele tsa phutheloa thepa ka lik'hontheinara bekha ho tloha lithane tse leshome ho mashome a mabeli e mong, 'me le sejana ka boeona e hlahisa lithane tse mashome a mabeli tse sekete le susumelletsang ho ka lebelo la mafito ho fihlela ho mashome a mararo. Lik'hontheinara kapele le ha bonolo laela le laolla ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore le setshelo mokatong e ikamahanya le maemo ho tsebagatswe bophara ea e tlang. Hangata ka ho fetisisa, e laollang libaka tsa tse bolaeang - gantry cranes. Lifate - e mosa ea setshelo, sena barge thoeng bobebe, ba lokolloa sekepe ka ho toba ka metsing le towed ho quay ena.

lik'haravene

Sejana sa mofuta ona ho letsatsi li na le matla 'ohle ea likepe e name, ka sekepe sena matla, ho itima lijo, le lumella u ho ka potlako ho etsa laollang - ka makhetlo a leshome ka potlako ho feta ka lijaneng tse sa a hlomelloa le lik'haravene khethehileng, e leng mejaro feela bohlokoa le ke diyantle tsa sekepe. Industrial ntshetsopeleng e haholo atolosoa le ho matlafatsoa khoebo ea lipakeng tsa linaha, e hona joale ho hlokahala hore ho tsamaisa tse fetang malelele thepa kaho, temo, lipalangoang. Leoatle le noka thepa likepe ne o ke ke molemo mesebetsi e.

Lik'haravene jereng thepa ka lik'haravene, tse feela ho phuthoa ka tlang. Bokgoni Trailer - tswa lithane tse sekete ho ba likete tse leshome, 'me ka lebelo - ho fihlela ho mafito mashome a mabeli a metso e tšeletseng. Sena ke ka ho fetisisa tsepisa le mathang kajeno mofuta oa sekepe se tsamaisang thepa. Ba lula ho ntlafatsa. lik'haravene tse ngata ho phaella ho thepa e nang le ba ikamahanya le maemo ho tsamaisa lik'hontheinara mokatong oa sekepe ka holimo. Likepe tse joalo esita le a lebitso la eona - ea piggyback.

bulkers

Bongata thepa lipalangoang tse khethehileng lijana - bongata bajari. Sena se ka 'na ba tšepe le concentrates manya, mashala, menontsha, thepa ea ho haha, lijo-thollo le tse ling. ba etsang liphesente tse fetang mashome a supileng ba thepa bohle isoa ke thepa e omileng ho etsa hore ho leoatle kapa litsela noka bongata, 'me ka hona palo ea likoloi tse o hōla ka potlako: kajeno, ba etsang liphesente tse fetang mashome a mabeli tsa tonnage tsa likepe lefatše ke ea mofuta ona.

Bongata bajari ba arotsoe ka bokahohleng, bakeng sa meroalo e boima 'me bakeng sa khanya. lijana tse ngata li ikamahanya le maemo bakeng sa morero o kopanetsoe: ho - manya morao - oli kapa likoloi, kapa k'hothone, eng kapa eng eo. mofuta ona wa - lekhotla 'mele le' ngoe le superstructure le enjene kamoreng ka karolo e ka morao ea. Bokgoni ba mpa feela ba e khōlō - ho fihlela ho lithane tse lekholo le mashome a mahlano tse sekete, empa lebelo ke e tlase - ho fihlela ho nodes lesomethataro. Thepa ba isoa ka nang le mekgokolosa mabota bakeng selfdistributed thepa - le lengthways le crosswise. Pakeng tsa flange le marako a tanka lokisetsa hore metsi tsitsisang sekepe. Ka linako tse ling bulkheads longitudinal e nang le matla a ho fokotsa moqolo, haeba mojaro ile a khaotsa, le mokatong oa bobeli e reretsoe le reinforcements le Flooring thatafetseng bakeng sa tshebetso bonolo loading.

likepe tsa oli

mofuta ona wa lekhotla li arotsoe ka likepe tsa oli bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa oli e tala, oli a sa jese litheohelang, oli ea mafura, mafura disele, peterole, parafine; ka lng ba; lijana jereng lik'hemik'hale - entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa sebabole, acid le tse ling; Lipalangoang ea mokelikeli thepa - metsi, veine, samente. Likepe tsa oli tse atileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng le: a etsang liphesente tse fetang mashome a mane ba mohoebi likepe tonnage lefatšeng. Sena ba se nang balekane-mokatong sejana, superstructure le enjene kamoreng teng aft.

Mojaro karolo e arotsoe ke bulkheads ka liphaposi, e bitsoang ditanka. Ba bang ba bona o sebeletsa e tsitsisang metsi ka leeto la ho boela. Ka kamoreng ea nko pompo e le hona teng. likepe tsa oli ke ho fetisisa kotsi mollo, kahoo a hlomelloa le a matla tsamaiso ea mollo tšireletso. Mojaro bokgoni ba boima ba lithane tse sekete ka barekisi ba ho fihlela ho lithane tse makholo a mane tse sekete ka supertankers - likepe kholo ka ho fetisisa ba lefatše. Noka likepe tsa oli jereng bokgoni o boetse o sa mo khopisitseng, ba bang ba na le ho lithane tse leshome le metso e sekete. Sena ke e boetse e le freighters e matla ka ho fetisisa. Photo ka holimo - sekepeng se tsamaisang thepa leoatle, 'me ka tlase - le nōka.

lng ba

likepe tsena tsamaisa likhase liquefied - methane Propane, butane, ammonia, hammoho le likhase tlhaho, ke thepa ea bohlokoa e tala 'me mafura a babatsehang. Ka kakaretso khase kapa liquefied kapa chilled kapa pressurized. Lng ba porojeke e ne e feletseng fapaneng le likepe tsa oli le hobane ba na le ho sebelise cylindrical ditanka - rapameng kapa paatsepama, chitja kapa likhutlo li 'nè. Ho itšehla thajana ka likepe tsa oli lng ba e lokela ho ba e ka tšeptjoang haholo.

tshebetso thepa phethahatsoa ka ea tsamaiso e khethehileng, e kenyeletsang lipompo, compressors, liphaephe le tanka lipakeng. Tsitsisang ditanka ka ho sebetsa ho nka ha ba lokela ho, empa hobane e hlometse ka mahlakoreng kapa ka tlase habeli. Khase lipalangoang ke kamehla ho phatloha, kahoo ho na le e matla oona tsamaisong ventilation le khase lesoba alamo. Timang mello etsahala ho sebelisa carbon dioxide. Hona joale, ho se ho hlokahala tsa sehlopha sa kopaneng a likepe tse leoatleng le lipalangoang noka ke chelete e ngata haholo - thoko o balehela ho lona feela. Kahoo ho na le hlopkolesovozy, Obo le lijana tse tšoanang.

RS-300

From 1967 ho 1984, le ea bobeli ka shipyards tharo USSR o ile a ntša seiners 388M mofuta porojeke e ne "RS-300 sekepe se tsamaisang thepa". tse makholo a mane le mashome a robeli a metso e tšeletseng seiners joalo ho ile ha hahoa, ho akarelletsa le tse neng li le ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho tšoasa litlhapi, meepo makgotla. Ho phaella moo, ka lebaka la mosebetsi ona ho khetheha e hlaha lijana ho etsa lipatlisiso mashome a mararo-a mararo (joaloka e tummeng "mahlahahlaha"). hoo e ka bang halofo dozen joalo lijana bakeng sa nako e telele ba ile ba sebetsa bakeng sa lebaka la ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa saense.

Ha Soviet Union e khaotsa ho ba teng, ho hlokahala hore ba nyametse, ba bang ba likepe ba ka matsoho poraefete, 'me boholo ba bona ba' nile a sebeletsa hae le ema ho khina. Setseng ka ho tšoasa litlhapi retrained. Ka Fihla Hokae ka Bochabela joalo lijana tse nyenyane ka makhetlo a ho feta tsa morao tjena re sebelitse ka Border Balebeli. The boinotšing ruilweng tšoasa litlhapi RS-300 phaphamale 'me hona joale.

tlhophiso e mong

, Ho phaella ho tlhophiso ke morero oa ka aroloa lijana thepa ka mabaka a mang. Sena ke molao-motheo oa ho boloka metsi, tsamaea sebakeng seo, le mofuta oa enjene, tshisinyo molao-motheo genus mover, le lintho tse bonahalang le sebopeho sa matlo le. ho boloka molao-motheo o ka ba hydrodynamic - hydrofoils, airbag, planing le hydrostatic - hovercraft, displacement (catamarans).

mokhatlo oa molao-motheo o arola lekhotla le ka ho intša - semela matla, phethola - e pusher sekepe le hulela, hammoho le rack - pontoons, lulisa mekhahlelo. Ho ea ka sebakeng seo tsamaya ka ba hlaheletseng likepe sesole sa metsing, e tsoakiloeng (noka-leoatle) le ho tsamaya ka hare ho naha (noka). Recent etselitsoeng baratos lekgutshwanyane ka linokana hare ho naha. Main enjene mofuta o arola lijana thepa likepeng (combustion e ka hare enjene) le disele (dilenaneo). Ka Navy submarines tsa nyutlelie le ho boela a sebetsa turbohody. Lekhotla arotsoe ka mofuta wa masokoana le se bōpeloa lebiling la, nsete, vodomotnye, ka masokoana le mapheo. Mofuta oa 'mele tse bonahalang e ka' na tsa tšepe, fiberglass, e hahiloeng ka konkreite, lehong. Hape, lekhotla le ka 'na ba ho intša propelled le se (le barge).

thepa lifofane

Thepa lifofane e neng e tsamaisa bapalami ha ho joalo, le mefuta e fapaneng ya thepa le theknoloji. Kapele-pele ba, 'me ba habonolo a hlokomela esita unprofessional talimela. Mapheo a beha phahameng, ea bokima jwa vela eo, fuselage ke ka ho hlaka le hlaheletseng, ba bang ba "stockiness" (e le hore thepa ba 'nile ba e haufi le fatse bakeng sa hlahlela bonolo le unloading). A palo e khōloanyane ea mabili a ka cheisi, e ponytail phahameng.

Air thepa o ile a qala ka morao ka 1911 - le aterese ea. More diporojeke tse di khethehileng, ya e le hantle, ho ne ho se joalo, ba ne ba feela ka twenties ena. Pele lifofane tsohle thepa-o ile a etsoa Jeremane - Air 232. Pele hore mejaro isoa hanyenyane ikamahanya le maemo "Junkers". Airliners hahoa mesebetsing e khethehileng bakeng sa thepa ba bitsoa freighters. Ba ha ba etselitsoeng baeti.

Kholo ka ho fetisisa thepa bajari

Ena phoofolo ea tonanahali ea fofang - AN-225 ( "Dream") o ne a ntshetswa pele ka Antonov Design Bureau ka 1984, sefofane pele e ile ea etsahala ka 1988. Shestimotorny turbojet vysokoplan, dvuhkilevoe mohatla le hoholoa lepheo ne ho bopa matla-mosebetsi wa ho tsamaisa karolo ea koloi lonthja ho lonthja saeteng. Union sebaka lenaneo "Buran" e akarelletsa ho sebelisoa ha sefofane sena ho khetheha hore ke khona ho phahamisa tse boima ba lithane tse fetang makholo a mabeli le mashome a mahlano.

Lockheed C-5 Galaxy - American thepa le sefofane hlahile ka 1968, ke freighter sesole, ea nang le bokhoni ba ka nako tsoele tse tsheletseng armored basebetsi bajari, litanka tse peli, BMP e mene, liroala-nkhoana tse tsheletseng "Apache". Hughes H-4 Hercules - ka matla haholo ho tseba ho eketsehileng ka 1947 thehoa feela, wingspan ke limithara tse mashome a robong e robeli. Hona joale e se ke lifofane musiamo, kaha e ne e entsoe ka kopi e le 'ngoe. Boeing 747-8I - combi sefofane, e lokolotsoeng ka tlhahiso ea ho 2008. O hlahisa lithane tse makholo a mane a mashome a mane e 'meli ka sefofane se tloha, empa tse ling tse ho feta thepa ka boto nka hoo e ka bang makholo a tšeletseng baeti.