Sebopeho, Thuto mahareng le likolo
Lena River beisine. Tataiso ea letsoapong la, bolelele, melatswana, meeli ea nōka beisine
Lena River beisine e teng ka tšimo e khōlō ea North-Eastern Siberia (Yakutia le Region Irkutsk). Tse ling tsa melatswana lona ba sebakeng Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk Trans-Baikal Territory le Republic of Buryatia. Linōka tsohle tsa lefatše Lena telele ka ho fetisisa har'a bo10 le bo8 ho khaphatseha. 'mele ona oa metsi ho nkoa nōka telele ka ho fetisisa Russia, e phallang ka tlas'a lebitso tšoanang.
Overview
Mohloli o Lena River e haufi Lake Baikal, 145 km SE tloha Kachug ho fedisa ka Irkutsk Oblast (setereke Baikal Mountains). Ho ekelletsa moo, ho phallang ka Zhigalovsk, Kachugsk, Ust-Kut le setereke Kirensk, tse teng sebakeng se tšoanang.
Ka Yakutia, Lena phallang ka Lena, Khangalassky, Olekminsky, Namsky, seterekeng tsa litoropo tsa Yakutsk, Zhigansky, Kobyayskiy le Bulunsky libakeng. Phallang kena Leoatleng Laptev, 160 km le ho tloha motsaneng o mong oa Chekurovka (Bulunsky setereke). Tataiso ea Lena River - ho tloha ka boroa ho ea ka leboea-bochabela, 'me joale leboea ho tloha Yakutsk.
History of sibolloa
Tlhahisoleseding pele ka nōkeng e khōlō bochabela hlaha mathoasong a lilemo tsa XVII. lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa Cossacks ba ile ba romeloa ho tseba sena sebakeng unexplored. Ka 1628 e leeto tsoela Vasily Bugor le mokha oa hae. Ba hloella ka Angara, ka nako eo o neng o le Ilim, ho tšela tlisitseng le noka Kut tla ho Lena. Ka mor'a banyalani ba bang ba lilemo tse sebakeng sa Siberia North-East tsoela lekholo Peter Beketov. mabotho a hae matlo a pele ba ne ba e hahiloeng ka sebaka Kuta ho nōka, ka hona, o ile a qala ho theha toropo e ncha - Ust-Kut.
Ka lilemo tse 1733-1743 tsa Lena River beisine qala ho ithuta litho tsa leeto saense tsa Kamchatka. Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, e sebakeng ile a tsoela pele ho hlahloba Chekanovsky, Anjou, Toll le bo-rasaense ba bang. Lilemong tse 1910-1915 ka Lena ne cartographic mosebetsi. Ka 1919-1920, ho ea ka ya ka dipholo tsa leeto le Evgenova Mathisen ile hlophiswa e bososoli ya metsi molomong oa eona ka ho ea motseng oa Yakutsk. Lebitso "Lena", oddly ho lekaneng, ho e sa amanang le le lebitso la Russia mosali eo le lintho tse tšoanang ho tloha Yakut "Yeh-lii-sep", leo le fetolela e le "Nōka e khōlō."
Lena River melatswana
The melatswana ka sehloohong:
- Young, Kuta, Viluy (e kholo ka ho fetisisa le letšehali melatswana).
- Tea, Aldan, Vitim, Feeling, Kirenga, Olekma (e kholo ka ho fetisisa melatswana letona).
The kholo ka ho fetisisa ba bona ba ke nōka Aldan tswa letamo sebakeng 729 000 sq. M.
melatswana nyenyane:
- ho le letona: Suhusha, Orlinga, Beach, Zharkov, Chichapta, Iga, Dyanshka, Tayura, Dzhardzhan, Kovtorov, Botovka, Anga, Tutura, Big River, distilling, Shapkin Buotmama, Berezovka, Small Balakhnev, Yukte, Larch, Chechuy, Upper Sarafaniha, Tuolba, mokhoabong fatše, Kovtorov, Kuzmin, Elovetsky, Sobolokh-Mayan, Parshinka, Zakobeninskaya noka le ba bang;
- Left: ea Indus, Yamny, Ilga, Lower, Atalanga, Markha, likhoeli, Zaharovka, Dry, Upper Bochakta, Shulaga, Turuk, baja skate, na naman, Semiga, Bobrovka, Kazimirka, Bots, Fedorovka, Ilikta, Talabak, Kuchta, Fedorovka, halofo, Potapovka, Kokarev, ubiennyh, Peleduy, Horuonka, Eekit, Tympylykan, Bear, Pilyuda, Rassokha, Yamny, Upper Katyma, Moksheniha, Meneevsky, Lower Katyma, Oleneksky, Chembalovka, Bear, Nemtanka, Ichera, Zaharovka, Stepaniha, Kulenga le ba bang.
hydrological puso
Lena noka e 4.400 km SE. Palo e kahodimodimo botebo - 21 km SE. Palo e kahodimodimo bophara ba armhole sa - 30 km SE. Sebaka sesa letamo ke 2.490.000 km SE ². Matla Lena le hoo e ka bang kaofela ha melatswana lona e etsoang ke lehloa qhibiliha le metsi a pula. Ka lebaka la ho permafrost pokello hampe fepa ka tlase ho lefatshe, Leha ho le joalo, ntle le mehloli geothermal. Nakong ea selemo ka nōkeng ho na le moroallo, likhohola etsahala ho feta nakong ea lehlabula le hoetla le mariha ba tšoauoa ka nako e tlase-tlase metsi.
Sebopeho sa naha le mobu
The finyellang e ka holimo ea pokello, 'me karolo e itseng e khōlō ea melatswana ea lona e nepahetseng ba sebakeng libakeng tse lithaba tsa sebaka Baikal, Aldan Plateau le Trans-Baikal. Letšehali-banka karolo ea letamo e ka Central ea Siberia Plateau. Karolo ea se tlaase-tlaase a nōka e bohareng ebe se theola e nakong (Central Yakut Plain). Mora toropong ea Pokrovsk, eo e teng ka Yakutia, Lena noka phallo, ae fokotsang lebelo hore kgasa le.
Noka ka aroloa likarolo tse tharo tsa motheo: ho tswa mohloding wa, e leng e teng km SE 12 ho tloha letšeng ka ba bolelele ba limithara tse ka 1470, ho fihlela ho confluence ka noka Vitim (karolo e itseng e ka holimo), ho tloha ho qetela ho confluence ka Batamay (bohareng) le ho tloha itse ntlha ho molomo (ka tlase).
Ka e ka holimo karolo ya nōka entseng hore hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea bolelele ba eona. E le bophara ba phula ranges ho tloha 1-3 km 10 km SE, libakeng tse ling le ba kanale sesefatsa ho limithara tse 200. Matsoapo a moepa le majoe pond. Bophahamo ba Lena River sebakeng fihla limithara tse 300.
Ka bohareng fihla e ba ho feta ruileng. boholo ba eona e haholo-holo e ile ea eketseha ka mor'a confluence le noka Olekma. Mona, le bophara ba kanale e 2 km. Tlase molomo Olekma Dolina Leny fetoha moqotetsane le lejoe la mokoetla matla dissected matsoapong tse ka thōko majoe.
Tlase molomong oa Aldan River Lena meeli atolosa ka nģ'ane ho Central Yakut thota. Sebakeng sena, phuleng ena lona sona e ba sephara ho 20-25 dikhilomitha, le armhole bophara - 7-15 km SE. Bethe ea matangoana ke ramified haholo. Valley tsoekame haholo: letsoapong Lena River lebōpong le letšehali ke ka tlaase haholo ho feta ka ho le letona. sebakeng fihla ka botebo ba limithara tse 16-20. Ka finyellang ka tlaase tsa polokelo ea letamo e moqotetsane: le ka bophirimela ho na le upland Central Siberia Plateau, 'me ka bochabela ho li susumelletsa haholo hauhetsoeng tsa Verkhoyansk Range. Ho feta moo, sebakeng seo nōka e phallang pakeng tsa orilla le Czekanowski Kharaulakh lithaba, le kanaleng bophara e narrowed ho 2 km.
Sebakeng se moo pond phallang kena Leoatleng Laptev, theha makgobokgobo sabaletseng le makala a mangata (ena ka bonoa ha shebile Lena River Basin 'mapeng), eo feta kholo ka ho fetisisa Nile makgobokgobo (30 000 km SE sq. M.). Ho na le bohlokoa libakeng tlholeho: ". Lena-Mouth" lirapeng tsa boikhathollo phakoe le Ust-Lena, hammoho le pokello Libakeng tsena ho na le ka bang 109 mefuta e meng ea linonyana, mefuta e 32 ea litlhapi, 33 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang le mefuta e 402 ea limela.
Features noka
Lena ke fapane haholo tsa linōka tse ling tse nang le puso e matla leqhoa. A ka toka le matla le teteaneng tsitsisang leqhoa Ho thehoa ka letamong ka sehlōhō, mariha telele le lehloa tse nyenyane. Ntle ho lona, nōka ea nang le hoo e ka bang 5-6 dikgwedi ka boroa le likhoeli tse 4-5 ka leboea. E le hatsele-up e behiloeng bakeng sa ka 10 matsatsi a ka morao ho ka melatswana tsa pokello ea. The finyellang ka holimo ea Lena River tsitsipanyang ho elella bofelong ba October, le tlase - ho tloha qetellong ea September. Ka ho feletseng ha leqhoa le qhibiliha e pond ka bohareng ba bo-May ka maemo a hodimo le feela qalong ea lehlabula - ka finyellang e ka tlaase. The lebetsoeng le metsi mocheso ka fihla 19 C ka nyolosa le ka 14 C - ka tlase e.
Ho elella bofelong ba April, moroallo selemo e atisa ho hlokomela haufi le toropo ea Kirensk (e ka holimo karolo ya Lena) 'me qetellong a ile a khaotsa ho ea ka leboea, moo ho na le fihla e esita le leqhoa tse koahetsoeng pond. Ka finyellang e ka tlaase ea lipono tse makatsang tsa noka hangata a hlokomela ka bohareng ba bo-June. Mona, ho hlaha ha metsi ka fihla ho fihlela ho limithara tse 18. Selemo le selemo Laptev Lena etsa ka 41 sekete. Tonnes solutes.
Bakeng sa pokello e hape tšoauoa ka keketseho nako le nako ka elela ga metsi selemo le selemo, e leng ha e etsahala ka lebaka la e ngata ea lake sediment le ka metsing, empa hobane ho na le e matla qhibiliha tsa permafrost le leqhoa ka tlase ya Lena. ketsahalo ena e hlalosoa ka 'nete ea hore e ka leboea ea Yakutia mocheso e phahame morao tjena ho tloaelehileng.
metsana
Metsaneng kholo ka ho fetisisa ka ho nōka li nkoa Kachug, Ust-Ilga, Vitim Verkholensk, sangar wae, Yakutsk, Best, Maimaga, Feeling, Chekurovka, Omolo, Bakhanay, horintsy, Sinskaya le ba bang.
likou tse khōlō: Lensk, sangar wae, Pokrovsky, Tiksi, Sturgeon, Kirensk, Olekminsk le Yakutsk.
motse ho fetisisa ka sehloohong ea tikolohong eo e nkoa e Yakutsk. Ho e thehiloe ka 1632, ke sa detachment tsa Cossacks Peter Beketov ka lehlakoreng le letona la pond ena. Hamorao ho ile a susumelletseha ho le letšehali banka ya Lena Nōka. Joale baahi ba eona ke hoo e ka bang 240.000 baahi. Sena ke e mong oa metsaneng kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa North-Eastern Siberia.
Ka kakaretso, hampe lieu noka. From Motseng o mong ho isa linakong tse ling tse sebaka se e ka ba ho fihlela ho makholo a km. Boholo ba metsana ba haufi Yakutsk. metseng e mengata ba le boemong ba derelict.
limela
Karolo e khōlō ea sebaka seo e koahetsoe le taiga le meru e meholo. phaene. Sebakeng sena ba hōla likedare, phaene, larch, kalse mohbat le phaene. Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tse ling ho na le lebōpo la leoatle Lena Meadow moo ho na le steppe limela (mohlala mugwort, fescue).
Ichthyofauna
Lena River Basin ruileng ka mefuta ea tlhapi: tsa whitefish, Pike, nkee, folaxe, bagre, tungun, tsa whitefish, dace, swamp eel, trout, Grayling, Cisco, ruff, kalaneng, carp, Roach le bream.
liphoofolo tse
boleng metsi
Ka nōkeng moo ke haze sa feteng 50-60 g, / m³. Boholo ba mineralization tsa pokello ea - ho tloha a hloekileng ho letsoai. Ka kakaretso Lena tšoauoa ka mahareng le tlaase letsoai le metsing. Ka karolelano o ile a re nakong ea likhohola le meroallo. Ha re bua ka lik'hemik'hale, metsi le ka ngotsoe ho haeterojene-carbonate-k'halsiamo.
thomello
Lena e nkoa e le ea waterway o ka sehloohong oa Yakutia le sebakeng Irkutsk. Nōka ke likepe molomong oa eona ho Kachuga. Ho tloha motseng oa Ust-Kut ka Lena ka sesa lijana feela le moralo wa tebang. Ka merero e mebe e nyenyane ea mehato e tla matlafatsa tlase ea pokello ea selemo le selemo. Navigation nako nka ho tloha ka 125 ho 170 matsatsi a. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ke ka 'mele ona oa metsi o ile a etsa karolo e khōlō ea "pepa ka leboea".
bohahlauli
A phaphametse fatše likepe noka Bay le likepe tse nyenyane. Lena - sebakeng se ratoa haholo bakeng sa ho tšoasa litlhapi har'a bahahlauli bobeli le batho ba moo ka ho tšoanang.
Lena River beisine e tsebahalang ka ho ho thoeng Shishkin majoe. E hantle haholo a sireletsa metako lefika la batho ba boholo-holo. Ba ka fihlang ho e ka holimo ea pokello ea. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore sena ke sebaka se feela moo e le ho phatsimang le ka ho hlaka e bontša hore mesebetsi ea monna ea khale
Ka tsela e tsoanang e ratoa har'a bahahlauli Lena Litšiea (Yakutia Khangalassky setereke) - e ikhethang Geological sebopeho - le pokello tlhaho, eo e teng ka banka tokelo ea nōka. E mong oa liphororo le bitsoa "Diabolose Lane", le lefika le o bitsoa "Together poho." Sebakeng sa Lena Litšiea mesaletsa ea batho ba boholo-holo, haholo, ba 'nile ba fumanoa. Ha e le hantle ena e tiisa hore khopolo ka qaleho ea monna extratropical. Leha bo-rasaense ho ba le letsatsi la fapaneng a le lilemo li libaka le Neolithic, eo tsejoa hore litho tsa genus Homo phetseng mona bakeng sa lilemo tse ka bang 300,000 fetileng.
Siberia, e hlile e le ngata tsa mehlolo, empa tsa lehoatata ka taiga ho - feela ho hlollang. Lebōpong le letona la nōka ho na le sebaka seo nyenyane (about 1 km) tsa litutulu lehlabathe, eo bōpa ithetsa e omeletseng le e chesang sebaka. A Timetsa ena ho ithetsa feela haufi phaene. Tlhaloso ea ketsahalo ena, ho na le tse ngata, le hoja li sa e 'ngoe ea bona e e-s'o ka molao qeto.
Le liminerale le bokgoni ba eneji, le
Lena bōptjoa matamo 12, tse peli tsa kholo ka ho fetisisa a fehlang motlakase seteishene matla tse ka Vilyue le Mamakane. Beisine e tumme ka liminerale lona. Mona ke Aldan, le Bodaibo libakeng khauta o jereng. Khauta mobung ka beisine ea Lena o ile a fumanoa ka mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Ntle hang ka mor'a moo botumo ba leruo hlollang sebakeng seo hoholoa mose ho Russia. Sebakeng se a qalile ea sebele khauta tatela Alaska. Coast qala ho lula Fans ngata chelete habonolo. Har'a bona ho ne baemeli ba likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa baahi: bahoebi, mesebetsi ea matsoho, batlōli ba molao ba 'malehi, masole. Ba bangata ba bona ka ho lelekisa leruo ba shoele ke tlala le maloetse, empa ba batlang khauta ntse e-ba feela ho feta le ho feta.
Ka Viluy noka hape behoa taemane depositi, eo ho ile ha fumanoa ka 1955. Nakong e fetileng, ho ne ho lumeloa hore majoe ana a feela fumanoa linaheng tsa litropike. Joale taemane motse-moholo oa Russia e nkoa e le motse o moholo ka ho fetisisa ea Mirny. Ho phaella moo, ho na le mehlodi ya tse kang mashala, khase ea tlhaho, Mica, lefika letsoai, manya a tšepe le tse ling.
Sena se sehlōhō le inhospitable ka qala ho se bona ka bohale ba hae e ntle le e motle. Ha e ntse e ile, ho sa tsotellehe inaccessibility lona totobala, metsi le e lebōpong la Lena na le e ngata leruo. Ho ka etsahala hore libakeng tsena e tla bontša matlotlo a mangata ho feta, kaha beisine noka e ntse e sa utloisise ka ho feletseng.
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