Lefapha la Industry: mefuta e, tlhophiso, tsamaiso le moruo. Dikarolong ka sehloohong ea moruo

E mong le e naheng e na le polasi ka tsela ea habo eona. Ho leboha ho indasteri e ho boele u tekanyetsokabo, o ile a etsa thepa ea hlokahala, lihlahisoa, lihlahisoa tse tala. Tekanyo ea tsoelo-pele ea naha ka kakaretso le li itšetlehile ka ka bokgoni ba ho moruo ea sechaba. A phahameng e ntshetswa pele ka ho eketsehileng, e ka 'nang a moruo ka har'a naha' me, ka lebaka leo, le maemo a bophelo ba baahi ba oona. Industry-isang taolo ya moruo etsa makala a khethehileng. Hangata e likhoebo maqiti bohlokoa laoloa ke mmuso.

Khopolo ea mafapha a moruo

All likhoebo, lifektheri, mekgatlo hore ba kopanela le tlhahisong ea dihlahiswa kapa ditshebeletso tsa mofuta o le mong, etsa itseng indasteri. hangata haholo, mokga wa indasteri ba sebetsa haufi-ufi 'moho. Ba sebelisa tlhahiso ea bona ea thepa, lihlahisoa tse tala, thepa ho tswa liindasteri tse ling. mafapheng 'ohle a moruo ka aroloa lihlopha tse peli. Ea pele ke indasteri ea meepo. E etsa tse qotsitsoeng ea le liminerale le mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse ling tse tala. Hape mona kenyeletsa lijo tse tsoang leoatleng le lihlahisoa. Mokhahlelo oa bobeli - indasteri difeme. mofuta ona e kopanela sebetsana mefuta eohle ea lihlahisoa tse tala. Dikarolong ka sehloohong ea moruo - e 's tsoa indasteri, temo, kaho, ho tsamaisa tsamaiso. Ba, le eena, ba aroloa ka-mefuta potlana tse ling.

libaka a moruo Russia

Naha e na le kabo e lekane matlotlo matsoai. Ke ka lebaka leo Russia lekala ea moruo etsa le tse peli tse ka libaka tse kgolo ya moruo: Bochabela le Bophirimela. Pele kopanya Siberia, Bochabela bo Hōle le e tšoauoa ka mehloli e telele ea matlotlo. Mona e laoloa ke indasteri ea meepo. Karolong e ka bophirimela ha a na joalo mohlodi botlaaseng. Ka lebaka leo, lefapha la indasteri e haholo-holo sebetsana. Sebakeng sena ho e concentrated 2/3 ea libakeng tsohle liindasteri.

Mafapha tsa moruo. tlhophiso

Ho itšetlehile ka hore na sepheo sa tlhahiso, indasteri, lihlopha tsa "A" le "B". Pele e kopanela difeme ea mokhoa ea tlhahiso, sa bobeli - lihlahisoa moreki. Hape khetholla pakeng tsa tlhahiso le nonproduction Makala. Mafapha a moruo a ama ya mokga wa liindasteri :

• indasteri ea;
• ea puisano, lipalangoang;
• temo;
• Meru;
• kaho;
• phomosetsa.

ditshebeletso tsohle, litšebeletso tsa sechaba etsa bao e seng tlhahiso ea boemong:

• tlhokomelo ea bophelo;
• thuto;
• bosebeletsi ba;
• bonono, setso;
• ditjhelete, penchene;
• Saense le sa t. D '.

Khase, oli, indasteri mashala

Mafura le matla a rarahaneng ea naha - e pontshi bohlokoa haholo ea ho hōla lona le ka 'nang a moruo. Indasteri ea khase e kenyeletsa morolo ea masimo a khase, tlhahiso ea eona, lipalangoang le sebelisoa. Ho hlahisa khase ea tlhaho e batlang e theko e tlaase. Ka mohlala, theko e meepo mashala feta litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ea khase ka makhetlo a fetang 10. Indasteri ea oli e batla mobung, tlhahiso le ho fana ka puo ea oli. Tshohanyetso ntšitsoeng le khase ea tlhaho. The theko e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ke indasteri ea mashala. Lejoe, sootho mashala e epilwe merafong. mafapha ana a moruo hlokang e le dipeeletso tsa bohlokoa tsa lichelete, hammoho le palo e khōlō ea basebetsi.

matla a motlakase

Bakeng sa mafura le matla a rarahaneng le hape e kenyeletsa tlhahiso le kabo ea matla ea motlakase. E hlahisoang ke limela mogote matla, libetsa tsa nyutlelie le dimela fehlang motlakase ka matla. seteishene sa mocheso sebediswa bakeng sa ho hlahisa khase, mashala, peat kapa oli mafura. Ka combustion e mocheso bona matla a fetoloa eneji, le motlakase. Ka mabōpong a 'mele e khōlō ea metsi a li haha fehlang motlakase seteishene matla. Production litšenyehelo tsa motlakase ba ka tlaase haholo. Haeba sebaka seo ha se na linōka le metšoasong e khōlō ea mafura, e hahoa dimela matla a nyutlelie. mosebetsi oa bona o sebedisa uraniamo tšepe. mafura ka tlase haholo. undoubted Molemo mong - ho boloka tikoloho e hloekile. Lentswe le lecha ka eneji, le - geothermal dimela matla. Ba sebelisa mocheso ka hare ea lefatše (haufi seretse se chesang le).

metallurgy

Lekala ea moruo oa linaha tse ngata (ho akarelletsa le Russia) kenyeletsa tlhahiso ea tšepe ferrous le batho bao e seng ferrous. Itšehla feletseng metallurgy potoloho (tšepe, tšepe, phuthoa) le kolobe eo ka eona ha tšepe. Ka lefelo la mofuta ona e ama fumaneha ha lihlahisoa tse tala le matla. Makala a ya moruo ya Russia ba kopanela tlhahiso ea tšepe le phuthoa tšepe - e mong oa baeta-pele ba lefatše. bao e seng ferrous tšepe difeme thekenoloji na palo ya dikarolo. Pele ho tsohle manya epilwe, joale ho na le matlafatso bona. Hatisa mamelisisa, tšepe a sa jese litheohelang. Ho fana ka thepa e hlokahalang le ditekanyetso tsa tshebetso hloekisoa o etsoa. Abelwang karolo ya tlhahiso ea boima (nikele, loto, thini) le khanya (aluminium, thaethaniamo) tšepe. Metallurgy ea tšepe e boima ke lintho tse bonahalang-e matla: ho hlahisa thane e le 'ngoe ea tšepe hloka tse seng kae lithane tse lekholo tsa manya. Boholo ba lik'hamphani tsena tse haufi le mehloli ea lihlahisoa tse tala.

le boenjiniere

Companies le boenjiniere phetha molao ba hlokomele lintlha tse 'maloa: ho fumaneha ea lihlahisoa tse tala le moreki, basebetsi haholo ba tšoanelehang, lipalangoang e tšoanelang le sebaka libaka. Hona ho kenyeletsa tse latelang mafapha a moruo: Indasteri ea likoloi, koloi-ho haha, likepe, literekere. Hape le ka sehlopha se akarelletsa ho etsa seletsa, tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa ba ntlo le lik'homphieutha tsa elektronike. lefapha le boetse le etsa tlhahisong ya likarolo tse le dikarolo.

Likhoebo ka lehong, liindasteri tsa lik'hemik'hale

Tlhahiso ea indasteri lifate re kopana letsatsi le letsatsi. bukeng ena, 'me thepa ea ka tlung, le tse ling. Lifate lefapha la indasteri li kopanela ka pokello, e lokisa 'me botjha ha thepa ea lehong. Hangata e likhoebo tsena di tse libakeng le plantings pharaletseng lifate. Indasteri ea lehong manufactures mohaho ona o dikarolo entsoe ka lehong, plywood, thepa ea ka tlung. Hape, sebakeng sena se akarelletsa lefapha sakhoang lifate. mapolasi makhasi ao le pampiri indasteri li hlahisa pampiri, dikhateboto le, makhasi ao, pampiri ambalaji le ho feta. Abelwang karolo ya e le indasteri lehoakhoa. E kopanela difeme tsa solvents, methanol, tlhahiso hydrolysis. Lik'hemik'hale indasteri akarelletsa ho etsa masela, lidae, dipolasetiki le indasteri pente. Hape ka rarahaneng sena se akarelletsa pharmacology, tlhahiso ea thepa e manyolo a maiketsetso, lik'hemik'hale lelapa.

lekala ea temo

Temo e le karolo e ntle ea bohlokoa ea moruo, ha e le hantle, ho fana ka baahi lijo. sehlopha sena e arotsoe hlokomela liphoofolo le ho lema tsa mefuta-futa ea limela (ditholwana, meroho, lijo-thollo le lijalo le liindasteri, 'me joalo-joalo. N.). bahlahisi ba temo ba bakang liphoofolo tse - le likhomo-ho ikatisa (nama, tsa lebese bakang), linku, likhoho. Ho na le boetse ho na le polasi, kapa bakeng sa ho hōla likolobe, lipere, tlhapi, boea behang liphoofolo. La linotsi e boetse ke e 'ngoe ea libakeng tse sa oa liphoofolo tse ruiloeng.