Ke eng tlamo e hydrogen? The mefuta e sa tshusumetso

ke eng tlamo e hydrogen? All mohlala tsebahalang tsa mabapi ena ke metsi ba tloaelehileng (H2O). Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore oksijene athomo (O) ke electronegative tse fetang tse peli tsa athomo hydrogen (H), e pulls ka joaloka la liathomo le hydrogen oxyphobe dieleketerone. Ho thehwa ha jwalo covalent Polar tlamo e thehoa moment. Oksijene athomo fumanang ha kgolo haholo qoso mpe le liathomo hydrogen e - e nyenyane qoso nepahetseng, eo a khahliloe ke dieleketerone e (le le mong feela para ea tsona) ka oksijene athomo haufi H2O limolek'hule (i.e., metsi). Kahoo, re ka re hore tlamahano ea hydrogen - e le tsela ea matla a khoheli pakeng tsa athomo ea hydrogen le athomo e electronegative. E le karolo ea bohlokoa ea athomo hydrogen ke hore lona tlamang le hohelang tsa dieleketerone ea e ba a se nang letho mantlha (i.e., proton e, ha ho na dieleketerone tse ling sirelelitseng). Leha tlamo hydrogen e fokolang ho feta covalent, e le hore e etsa hore kaofela letoto la thepa anomalous tsa H2O (metsi).

Hangata ka ho fetisisa, tlamahano ena e thehoa ka liathomo tsa likarolo tse latelang: oksijene (O), naetrojene (N) le fluorine (F). Hlahellang ka lebaka la hore le liathomo tsa likarolo tsena tse nyenyane ka boholo le ka ba le electronegativity phahameng. C liathomo boholo e khōloanyane (S sebabole kapa chloride CL) bopa tlamo hydrogen e fokolang haholo, ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore ke electronegativity bona lintho tsena li tšoana le N (i.e. naetrojene).

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli la litlamo tsa hydrogen:

1. haedrojene intermolecular tlamo e - le hlaha pakeng tsa limolek'hule tse peli, ho etsa mohlala: methanol, ammonia, fluoride hydrogen.
2. intramolecular tlamo e hydrogen - le hlaha ka hare ho molek'hule e le 'ngoe, tse kang 2-nitrophenol.

Hape hona joale ho lumeloa hore le hydrogen lik'hemik'hale tlamo e fokola le matla. Ba fapana ho e mong le tse ling tse ka matla le tlamo e bolelele (sebaka se pakeng tsa liathomo):

1. haedrojene litlamo fokolang. Energy - 10-30 KJ / Mol, tlamahano ea bolelele - 30. sa dintho tsohle tse thathamisitsoeng ka holimo ke mehlala ea tlamo e hydrogen tloaelehile kapa fokola.
2. litlamo haedrojene tse matla. Energy - 400 KJ / Mol, bolelele - 23-24. Data fumanoa ka tekeletso, li bontša hore maqhama a matla a thehoa ho ions latelang: e Ion-vodoroddiftorid [FHF] -, Ion-hydrated hydroxide [HO-H-OH] -, Ion oxonium hydrated [H2O-H-OH2] + hammoho le metsoako e meng e sa tšoaneng manyolo le inorganic.

Tšusumetso ea hydrogen-kopanye

makgabane Anomalous ya a phehile lintlha le qhibiliha enthalpies tsa vaporization le tsitsipano holim'a ba bang ba metsoako e ka ngotsoe ke ho ba teng ha litlamo hydrogen. Metsi e na le melao ea boitšoaro anomalous thepa tsena tsohle, fluoride hydrogen le ammonia - phehile ntlha le qhibiliha. Metsi le fluoride hydrogen ka bolela tiileng le mokelikeli ka ntlha ya go ho ba teng ka ho bona ea hydrogen intermolecular litlamo li nkoa ho polymerized. Kamano ena e hlalosa e seng feela se phahameng haholo qhibiliha mocheso ea thepa tsena, empa hape ba segokanyipalo bona tlaase. Moo holim 'a qhibiliha tlamo e hydrogen mokhoa o sa fellang liha, ka lebaka la ho eo limolek'hule tsa metsi (H2O) di tletse nang haholoanyane.

The dimerization ya dintho tse itseng (acid e carboxylic, mohlala, benzoic le asiti acetic) le ka boela la hlalosoa ka ho ba teng ha oxyphobe hydrogen. Dimer - limolek'hule tse peli tse amanang le 'moho. Ka lebaka lena, acid carboxylic phehile ntlha e phahameng ho feta ea metsoako le hoo e ka bang e tšoanang ea limolek'hule boima. Mohlala, acid e acetic (CH3COOH) e belang e mocheso ke 391 K, ha monohalogen acetone (CH3COCH3), e 329 K.

Tšusumetso ea hydrogen intramolecular litlamo

Kamano ena hape ama sebopeho le thepa ea metsoako e sa tšoaneng, tse kang 2- le 4-nitrophenol. Empa tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa 'me habohlokoa le mohlala oa tlamahano ea hydrogen - e acid e deoxyribonucleic (abbr: DNA.). Sena molek'hule asiti a phuthilweng be Helix habeli, le likaroloana tse peli tsa tse ya kokangana ka litlamo hydrogen.