Ke eng hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate: Mokgwa wa ho Nahana thepa

Nahana hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate. Tsela eo ba baemeli ba letotong lena homologous - SpN2p-6.

sehlopha sa Features

Mathoasong a lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robong ke Faraday ile ha sibolloa benzene - C6H6. Bapisoa le hydrocarbons phelelang, le mekhoa mehaho ea hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate tse hlahisoang ka mokgwa wa loops. Fuoa hore ka molek'hule e na le e sa lekaneng palo ea hydrogen, lesale nkhang hamonate Ho thehoa ka hare ho lesakaneng.

Tsela ea ho chesa hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate? Tsela eo e sisintsweng ke Kekule, e hlalosa hore sebōpeho sa sehlopha sena sa hydrocarbons. Ho ba teng ha litlamo habeli tiisa mofuta nkhang hamonate tsa benzene le homologs lona.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

The moralo kakaretso ea hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate presupposes boteng ba metsoako eohle ea sehlopha sa a itšoare phaella moo: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration. Liphello tsa liteko tse ngata tse o ile a bontša ho honyenyane benzene lik'hemik'hale mosebetsi.

E hlahisa e se e eketsehile ho hanyetsa ho kena moea, e le ea nang le bokhoni oa mabapi feela ka mahlaseli a mahlaseli kapa mocheso phahameng.

Features ya sebopeho sa benzene

Tsela eo limolek'hule tsa hydrocarbon nkhang hamonate - C6H6. All carbon liathomo tse ka boemo cp2-lebasetere, ba lokisetsa ka sefofane 'ngoe. E mong le e ba bona ba ke e 'ngoe batho bao e seng lebasetere C athomo, tse ho kopantswe ka se le seng le elektrone leru hore lutse perpendicular ho sefofane ea lesakaneng. tsamaiso ena lesale e conjugated leq-litlamo le etsang qeto ea lik'hemik'hale benzene passivity.

American lik'hemik'hale Pauling sisintsweng benzene nkoa e le tse peli tse dibopeho kokangana hore fapana fumane elektrone segokanyipalo, ho fetisetsa e mong le tse ling.

Nomenclature le isomerism

Ke joang u ka bitsa aromatics? The moralo oa metsoako eo ho matleng a 'maloa a hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate, e lokela ho lumellana le lohothwang sebopeho ea limolek'hule. The homologue bonolo ea benzene ke toluene. Phapang pakeng tsa ho le bonolo ka nkhang hamonate hydrocarbon ke CH2.

Ha lebitso la baemeli ba sehlopha sena e le motheo oa ho nka benzene. The dinomoaro tsa liathomo k'habone e etsoa ka tataiso ea manaka a watjhe, ho qala ho tswa ho ba baholo ho motlatsi e monyenyane. Esita le (2 le ea 6) fumana boemo ba ortho-maemong a, 'me ea 3 le ea 5 (makatsa) Meta embodiments.

Characterization thepa 'meleng

litšobotsi tse seo 'meleng ke: hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate, e tšoana le sehlopha sa moralo o balletsweng SpN2p-6?

Benzene le homologues lona tla tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng di mokelikeli nang le chefo e ho ba le tšobotsi monko o sa thabiseng. Bakeng sa lebaleng la boithabiso bohle e tšoauoa ka solubility tlaase ho metsi. Ka tekanyo e se nang moeli, ba qhibilihang ka har'a ka solvents manyolo.

dikgetho bakeng sa

Ka liindasteri mothofatso lihlahisoa benzene le baemeli ba bang ba sehlopha sa ba hydrocarbons nkhang hamonate, e mong a ka nahana ho e lokisa ya mashala sekontiri kapa oli e tala. A tlhahiso maiketsetso tsa rasiti ea baemeli ba sehlopha sena ke variants latelang:

• Bokaholimo ba matsoele tloha limolek'hule cycloparaffins hydrogen (dehydration);
• aromatization tsa hydrocarbons phelelang (alkanes).

Bobeli mokhoa lohothwang ka tšokoloho ea metsoako ea mothofatso nkhang hamonate, ho akarelletsa le tšebeliso ea mocheso phahameng le sethothetsi.

Har'a mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho fumana laboratori ea arenes ho ka 'na ho ho builoeng Wurtz tswakana. E tšoauoa ke sebelisana tsa alkane halogenated le sodium metallic.

Features homologues tsa benzene

Toluene, eo ho eona sehlopha methylene se teng, ea tla kena lik'hemik'hale feta benzene. Kaha CH3 orientant mofuta pele e kenyelelitsoe substituents li tla sekametseng ortho (esita) maemo. Toluene khonang ho halogenation (chlorination, bromination, iodination), le nitration.

bofello

hydrocarbons All nkhang hamonate e tsamaisanang le moralo kakaretso SpN2p-6. Nakong combustion e tsa moea oksijene lokolloa palo e lekaneng ea mosili e habonolo ile a hlalosa ka ho dikahare eketseha tsa carbon ho eona.