Phelelang hydrocarbons: litšobotsi tse akaretsang, isomers, thepa lik'hemik'hale

Hydrocarbons - sehlopha sa bonolo ya dintho manyolo, limolek'hule tsa ho na le liathomo tse peli feela tsa likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale - k'habone le hydrogen. Tsa hydrocarbon tse fapa-fapaneng ke mekhoa lik'hemik'hale tswakana lokisetsa litlelase fetisisa tsa metsoako manyolo.

Hydrocarbons ba arotsoe ka subclasses tse peli - acyclic le cyclic. Ke hydrocarbons acyclic, kapa hydrocarbons mafura kapa hydrocarbons aliphatic, kenyeletsa lihlopha tse latelang: ba phelelang hydrocarbons (di alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), acyclic terpenes. The cyclic lihlopha hydrocarbon emeloang cycloparaffins, mabaleng le terpenes cyclic. Terpenes ka linako tse ling a bua ka e le ntho ea ho ithuta thuto ea k'hemistri bioorganic.

hydrocarbons phelelang (alkanes) - komponeng tsa carbon le hydrogen limolek'hule eo ka eona bohle valency setseng ka mor'a hore mabapi pakeng tsa liathomo k'habone masoha tlamo e, ba phelelang k'habone liathomo tsa haedrojene. alkanes tsohle ka ho nkoa e le homologues kapa derivatives ea methane e. Ha methane e, e leng e na le moralo o balletsweng limolek'hule tsa CH4, ho tlosa e mong athomo hydrogen Ho thehoa phatsa - CH3 khōlō. Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore ka molek'hule ea ntho e phelang joaloka k'habone hangata tetravalent, mabapi ea radicals pedi joalo e etsa hore ho hlaha ha moemeli oa bobeli oa letoto la lihlooho tse homologous - hlahisoang moo ethane (C2H6). Ha hlahisoang moo ethane ho tswa ho nka e 'ngoe ea haedrojene athomo, e ethyl khōlō Ho thehoa, e leng, ka mor'a hore mabapi le homolog boraro bopa CH3 - Propane.

Hlahloba mehaho moralo Propane, bonolo ho kenya, e le hore mohaho oa molek'hule lona e na le mefuta e 'meli ea liathomo k'habone - sa mathomo le se mahareng. E mong le e k'habone athomo mathomo tlameha ho e 'ngoe har'a carbon athomo ea mong oa valency lona,' me ea bobeli - valencies tse peli ho liathomo tse peli k'habone. Ha subtracted ho tswa mathomo k'habone athomo ea hydrogen Propane, propyl mathomo thehoa ho tloha mahareng - propyl mahareng. Ikopanya le ka sehloohong kapa mahareng propyl lethal gene etsa hore sebopeho sa le diphapano mehaho ea homolog bone. dikgokelo tse pedi di thehoa - otlolohileng tloaelehile butane le isobutane carboxylic ketane se makala a k'habone ketane.

Phelelang hydrocarbons: sebopeho

A moemeli tloaelehileng alkanes ke methane e. Limolek'hule moralo CH4. Bakeng sa limolek'hule tsa alkanes ke tloaelehileng Sigma tlamo e. The molek'hule ea methane e leng carbon athomo e bopa e mene litlamo covalent e loketseng ho tse tharo s- le leq-orbitals le e mong le athomo e le hydrogen, - loketseng ho s-orbitals.

Phelelang hydrocarbons: nomenclature le isomerism

Ha fading tsoa, le mehaho moralo oa homologous series ea methane butane C4H10 kaha re kopana le lipono tse makatsang tsa isomerism. Mohlala, limolek'hule moralo C4H10 kopana tse peli motho metsoako S5N12 - tse tharo. Ka mor'a moo, palo ea isomers le palo ea liathomo k'habone ka molek'hule ea eketseha alkane. Mohlala, moralo limolek'hule S6N14 kopana hlano mekhoa mehaho le metsoako motho, ka ho latellana, S7N16 - 9, S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. The pele ba bane moemeli alkanes - likhase tswa bohlano ho bolesomepedi - mokelikeli, kaha metso e tšeletseng --butle .

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea hydrocarbons phelelang

All nosetse dintho inert. Sena ke e le hore limolek'hule tsa alkanes tsa carbon le hydrogen liathomo amahanngoa Sigma litlamo hona metsoako tsena ke ke khomaretse liathomo hydrogen. Alkanes itšoara khōlō halogenation, nitration, bokaholimo ba matsoele. Nakong halogenation halogens habonolo ka nkang sebaka liathomo ka molek'hule ea haedrojene alkane. Ha nitriding nitro habonolo ka go engwa legatong tsa hydrogen ka e phahameng, thata - ka se mahareng le mathomo k'habone athomo.

Satureaed le hydrocarbons unsaturated ke thepa e tala bakeng sa ho hlahisa lintho tse fapa-fapaneng tse phelang. Petsoha theoha hydrogen liathomo tloha hydrocarbons e ba phelelang ho ka fumanoa unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).