Thuto: ithuta lipakane, maikemisetso, melao-motheo

Thuto e laoloa ke ho khethehileng hlophisitse tshebetso ya ho sebelisana pakeng tsa mosuoe le liithuti, sepheo sa ka assimilation ea litsamaiso tsebo le bokgoni, hammoho le sebopeho sa le pono ea liithuti, ntshetsopele ya maikarabelong le bokgoni ba ho tiisetso ya ka maikemisetso le reretsoe.

Ithuta Sepheo. mokgwathupelo boemo ba

Ka morero oa ho fuoa koetliso - e ke lebaka la e rerile thulaganyou e ho ithuta, ha e le hantle, ho ke ke hore na sena e lebisitsoe. IP Podlas fana maikemisetso farologantswng ho ithuta ka maemo a mararo:

1. Lipolotiki: morero oa ho sebeletsa e le ntho e leano la boemo tšimong ea thuto.

2. Tsamaiso: pakane ke leqheka ho rarolla mathata a lefatše lohle ea thuto (boemong ba lebatowa kapa boemo ba setheo).

3. tshebetso: sepheo e nkoa e le e tshebetso sepheo hore ha ho sebediswa ea koetliso ea ka sehlopha sa ho khetheha ea barutoana le sebopeho ho khetheha.

The bothata ba ho khethollo ea ba maikemisetso ho ithuta

Motheo bakeng sa tlhophiso ea khopolo ea maikemisetso ho ithuta tsa tshebetso tse mekgwatiriso latelang:

1. Lekanya setjhaba: akaretsang / poraefete, lefatšeng ka bophara.

2. The karo-karolelano ea ya dibopeho tsa thuto, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho beha le ho finyella bona: boemo (e balletsweng ke puso melao-motheo ea thuto) lipakane tsa obschevuzovskie, fakalti, kereke e khōlō 'me ba bang.

3. Ameha ka ntshetsopele ya substructures itseng tsa botho ba: ho hlokahala-tlhotlheletsang substructure, maikutlong dikopanothutano le volitional.

4. Tlhaloso Language maikemisetso: thuto.bafuputsi ba-tlhaloganyong foromo, e ikamahantse-dejatelnostnaja.

Taxonomic mokgwathupelo B. Bloom

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, B. Blum fana phofung ea eona e tlhophiso, qeto ea hore na ho koetlisoa. Ithuta Sepheo o ne a nka ka ho ya ka taxonomies itseng (taxonomies). Pele o ikemiseditse ho ho bōpa e thalo tsa domain name dikopanothutano. Ho akarelletsa ho dihlopha tse tšeletseng tsa lipakane tsa:

- tsebo sehlopha (mabapi le boitsebiso bo itseng hore go dirisisa mareo aa ka litekanyetso, lintlha tse, litlhaloso et al a.);

- kutlwisiso ya dihlopha (tlhaloso, tlhaloso, extrapolation);

- sehlopha kopo;

- tswakana sehlopha (ma mwango ntshetsopeleng / bohato oona tsamaisong inahaneloang likamano);

- and analysis sehlopha (interconnection le melao-motheo ea kaho);

- sekasekale (kena kahlolong e thehiloeng ya data fumaneha, le ka litekanyetso Link).

Bobeli tsepame thalo afeketifi chitja.

Melao-motheo ea kaho ea mesebetsi ka koetliso litabeng

NF Talyzina proposes mohaho phetoho kgetho le tlhaloso ea mathata a tloaelehileng mosebetsing oa ho ithuta. mesebetsi tsena li bontša ka ho sehlopha se busang sa, ho ba bobeli le sehlopha se busang ea merero ea thuto e phahameng. E mong le e boemo ba na le haholo-ipatlele, ho itšetlehile ka ho pharalla ha bokgoni ba nakong e tlang ditsebi.

boemo ba pele

Boemo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea sehlopha se busang e feleditse mesebetsi eo lokela ho kgona ho rarolla litsebi tsohle, ho sa tsotellehe ho khetheha le mosebetsi oa basebetsi maikemisetso koetlisitsoe kapa ke sebaka sa libopeho. Leha ho le joalo, ba ka 'na ka lebaka la semelo sa tsa epoch histori. Mabapi le nako ea rōna ea lenane la mesebetsi joalo ke tsena:

- tikoloho (ho fokotsa tshusumetso e mpe ho sebopeho sa liindasteri kapa tse ling tse mesebetsi ea batho, joalo-joalo);

- tsoela pele bothata tsamaisong poso-sebopeho (mosebetsi oa e sebetsang hantle ka boitsebiso bo - search, polokelo, tšebeliso le sebelisoa ke al.);

- mesebetsi e amanang le semelo kopanetsweng tsa mefuta e ka sehloohong ea mesebetsi ea kajeno (sebopeho sa mabitso a mang hara sehlopha, thero le ho hlophisa mesebetsi e kopanetsoeng, e leng ho hlahloba e khethehileng ea ntlha ea batho ka tshebetso ya ho bonelang pele sephetho, le ba bang.).

Mokhahlelo oa bobeli

Ka boemong ba bobeli e abetswe sete ya mesebetsi eo ke itseng ho naha e itseng. Mabapi le tsamaiso ea thuto ea sechaba, o potlakileng ka ho fetisisa ke bothata amanang le sebopeho le ntshetsopele ya likamano maraka (ho etsa lipatlisiso 'maraka, lithuto tsa bokgono, ho batla ho sebedisanwang loketseng le mehloli dithuso tsa ditjhelete, ntshetsopele ya thepa ka le limmaraka tse ruuoang le tsoang linaheng tse ling, joalo-joalo).

Hape boemong ena totobatsa lipakane le maikemisetso ea koetliso ea amanang le mathata a ka lekala la likamano tsa machaba (lineano ea sechaba le meetlo, ntlafatso ea boikutlo bo mamella ho maikutlo a sechaba, ho hana maemo nationalist le chauvinist, joalo-joalo). Qetellong, sepheo sa ho ntshetsa pele ho fana ka koetliso bakeng sa litsebi morao-rao e le teng le ho sebopeho sa litsebo tsa bona liindasteri-tharolllo, mathata a ba okametse le moruo ka maemo a sechaba, lipolotiki tsa sechaba ea kajeno (demokrasi lipolotiking, phatlalatsoa, mamello ea bolumeli, joalo-joalo).

boemong ba boraro

Boemo boraro ke voluminous ho fetisisa le e na le mesebetsi eo litsebi. Ka mantsoe a akaretsang, mesebetsi tsena li arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro ka sehloohong:

- ho etsa lipatlisiso (bokgoni ba moralo le ho phetha mosebetsi oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse naheng ena);

- e sebetsang (ho lebaka ho khetheha - kaho ea semela, buka khatiso, 'me ba le mamello a hlaphoheloe a al.);

- pedagogical (ruta taba e itseng sekolong kapa koetliso e khethehileng mosebetsi - ho etsa mohlala, ha ho na le pakane ea ho ruta puo e 'ngoe).

Nahana ka lipakane le melao-motheo ea ho ithuta ho bana ba lilemo pele ho sekolo.

melao-motheo ea thuto ea sekolong sa tlhokomelo le tsamaiso fuoa koetliso

mesebetsi e Tloaelehileng e hlalosa maikemisetso ithuta ea koetliso le thuto ea bana ba ea sekolong sa tlhokomelo ka le farologantswng la tjena.

1. The selemo sa pele sa bophelo:

- ho boloka le ho matlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba bana ba, ho etsa bonnete ba ntshetsopeleng bona feletseng 'meleng, re lule re e ntle boemo maikutlong ngoana; tiisa hore Mokhoa oa letsatsi le tsamaisanang le la lilemo 'me boemo ba' meleng oa ngoana;

- eaba ba etsa le dikamano tse bonwang-aural; atolosa le tse ntlafatsang phihlelo kutlo ea bana; ntshetsa pele le matla a ho utloisisa puo batho ba baholo le ho kenya tshebetsong mehato tsa go baakanyetsa ho ithuta puo motho ea mafolofolo; kgothaletsa kenyelletsoa ka intša thulaganyou e etsa likarolo boitšoaro ba boitšoaro, maikutlong arabelang boloka kamohelo le bana.

- eaba ba etsa Background bokgabane temoho - tsosa thahasello ka litšoantšo, 'mino, ho bina, joalo-joalo, ho hlophisehileng sekaseka liphello ..

- kenya letsoho hore ho ntshetsopele ya bokgoni ba ngoana, e loketseng ea ho litsupa le lilemo.

2. selemo sa bobeli sa bophelo:

- e matlafatsang le ho thatafatsa ea 'mele; ntshetsopeleng ea tsamaiso tshisinyo mathomo;

- sebopeho sa litsebo tsa bona tsa motheo tsa neatness le ho intša tšebeletso;

- mantsoe le activating ho hlokahala hore a buisane ka; Stimulating le thulaganyo dikopanothutano (temoho, tlhokomelo ya memori, joalo-joalo);

- sebopeho sa litsebo tsa bona mellwane le dintho;

- eaba ba etsa bokgoni ba boitšoaro ba setso (lumelisa, tloha, kea leboha, joalo-joalo ...);

- Development tsa temoho bokgabane (khatiso e etsoang tabeng mala, sebopeho, monko, joalo-joalo ...).

- ntshetsopele ya tatso 'mino.

3. The selemo sa boraro sa bophelo:

- e matlafatsang ea bophelo bo botle 'meleng; meetlo le bohloeki

- sebopeho sa thepa ea motheo ea ho nahana bonwang-tšoantšetso; ntshetsopeleng ya dithulaganyo dikopanothutano;

- ntshetsopeleng ya kutlo boiphihlelo;

- eaba ba etsa tsebo ea motheo ka sesebediswa le melao ea bona ba tlhaho;

- ntshetsopele ya puo, mantsoe;

- khothalletsa bana ba lokela ho buisana le e mong le e meng; tsamaisa karolo ea-ho bapala lipapali tsa;

- ntshetsopele ya temoho bonono.

4. selemo sa bone sa bophelo:

- ho phahamiswa bophelo bo botle, ba satalatsa 'mele; khumo nepahetse mele; sebopeho sa mosebetsi a sebetsang a dilenaneo;

- Stimulating thahasella bophelo ba batho ba baholo, ho lebisa tlhokomelo sepheo le liketsahalo ea tikoloho ea sechaba le bochaba;

- ntshetsopele ya bokhoni ba ho and analysis elemental, matla a ho tiisa mabapi e bonolo pakeng tsa liketsahalo le lintho ha tikoloho;

- ntshetsopele ya puo, le bokhoni ba ho ka bohlale hahe lipolelo;

- ntshetsopele ya bokgoni ba ho mamela, le bokhoni ba ho beha leihlo tsela eo tsoelo-pele ea sebetsang (libuka, dikhathune, joalo-joalo ...);

- ntshetsopeleng ya boemedi mathomo thuto ea lipalo (e mong / a plurality ya, ho feta / tlase et al a.);

- itseng ho laoleng le boikutlo bo nepahetseng mabapi le mosebetsi;

- ntshetsopele ya thahasella mefuta e fapaneng ya lipapali, dikgaisano sehlopha;

- ntshetsopele ya bokhoni ba bokgabane le 'mino.

thuto Physical tsamaisong ho ithuta ngwana

Matlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba ngoana ke tsa sehlooho motheo karolo ea ho thuto maemong ohle lilemo, e leng beha sa ntshetsopele ya le ho ba koetlisa. Ithuta maikemisetso ho toba mosebetsing oa ho thuto e ka fapana. Ka criterion tla phetha lilemo mefuta e fapaneng, hammoho le ho specifics ea e le taba e itseng ka seakatemiki. Mabapi le itseng ho thuto 'meleng, ho na le ho na le diphapano itseng. Tabeng ena, ka morero oa ho koetliso - ke haholo-holo ho thehoe mekgwa etsehang (sireletsang-etsehang mabotho - lik'hemik'hale, 'meleng, joalo-joalo)' Me e matlafatsang ba sireletsehile maloetseng ana ngwana.

Lintlha tse fokotsa tšireletso ea 'mele ea ho ba ngoana e kenyeletsa: tlala, mokhathala, maikutlo a khahlanong le puso ea ea letsatsi. Lintlha tse eketsa tšireletso ea 'mele ea ho: tsamaea ka moea, tempering, a nyakaletse feto-fetoha.

Ka lebaka leo, mosebetsi oa ho tichere ea tšimong ena e tla ba teng, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho kokobetsa ho le ho fokotsa ama ntshetsopele 'meleng oa mekhoa e ka ngoana hore a fokolise sesole sa' mele oa; le ka tse ling - ka ho ntshetsa pele le ho hlasimolla ba sireletsang le etsehang matla 'mele oa ngoana ea ho a bale litsenyehelo ea seratsoana hlophisitse hantle, ho ikoetlisa oona tsamaisong thatafatsa, e ntle kelellong tlelaemete, joalo-joalo, thibelo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang le sa foleng, hammoho le thibelo mo ntša kotsi' me tokisetso ea pele ea pele ho tsa bongaka .. thusa. Ho boetse ke habohlokoa ho ho nahana ka peculiarities ea tikoloho eo ho eona ho ngoana, a latele melao-motheo ea bohloeki tsamaisong ea, ikemiseditse ho koetlisoa.

Ithuta maikemisetso, melao-motheo le maikemisetso Ka hona, ke e rarahaneng phedisano le-pedagogical rarahaneng e loketseng ka ho toba ho ea specifics ea lekala la thuto, sephetho ne ho lebeletsoe, hammoho le phedisano le-nalaneng.