The tikoloho ea makhulo. Bareki le dikarolo tsa lintho tse phelang tikolohong Meadow

Tikoloho - khopolo eo e hlalosa mokhoa oa likamano tsa ka hare setjhabneg efe kapa efe ya libōpuoa phelang, ya kokangana tikoloho ( "oikos" (Gr) -. "Lula" le "tsamaiso").

Kahoo, ha re nahana ka kamano e teng pakeng limela, liphoofolo, likokoana-hloko, libaktheria ahileng Meadow sebaka, re ka bolela hore sena sohle - ho lintho tse phelang tikolohong ea makhulo.

Natural lintho tse phelang tikolohong: systematization ka lihlopha

Ba ka arologanyediwa ka paka ya tse latelang:

1. Ground - tundra, taiga, meru deciduous, makhulong, ea lehoatata.

2. metsi a hloekileng e - linoka, a matsa, matamo, mekhoabong, mokhoabong metsi.

3. Marine - Ocean raka, athe, upwelling (libakeng tse le mponeng ka metsi a tebileng a leoatle), estuary (molomong oa linōka phallang ka maoatle le maoatleng), le mafika.

Lintho tse phelang tikolohong e ka ba boholo ba latelang:

• dikokwanyana - tse nyenyane haholo (mohlala, mokhoabong hummock);

• meso - mahareng ka boholo (ena ka 'na ba, ho etsa mohlala, e le Meadow, kapa pond);

• macro - kholo haholo (leoatle kapa k'honthinenteng);

• Global - polanete.

dikarolo Aggregate tsa lintho tse phelang tikolohong le lintlha tsa tlhaho

tikoloho efe kapa efe e na le sete ya dikarolo biotic: ea lintho tse phelang tse lulang ho eona, 'me abiotic (bao e seng e phelang) - matsoai e, mobu manyolo, naetrojene, k'habone, metsi.

lintlha tsa tlhaho tlatsetsa tsela e sa tobang ho ntshetsopele ya baahi ea lintho tse phelang, e leng sebaka se fokolang ea tsamaiso. Ena letsatsi mahlaseli, mongobo, mocheso paterone ke moea khatello.

Hoa hlokahala ho sa thoe letho ka ho kenella ha batho bophelong ba baahi ba - e le lintho tse entsoeng ke motho e ke keng feela fetola lintho tse phelang tikolohong eo, empa hape le ho e felisa.

Makhulo: systematization

Meadow bitsoa feela sebakeng seo, overgrown le joang. Russia, makhulo a tloaelo arotswe nuggets (tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho) le maiketsetso. (Tswang chenchana, haholo-holo tinned nako e tobileng).

makhulong Native ba ka tloaelo sebediswa bakeng sa haying le makhulo a likhomo. Ba fana ka kotulo morui, ea litlama le Meadow tikoloho ka boeona e tshehetsa ho hlokahala hore nako e telele bophelo libōpuoa kamano ea phelang. Koluoa ea masimong a joalo ho nkoa hore khoholeho ea mobu, overgrown le underbrush (e haufi le moru) le boikatiso ea mofoka. Native grassland ka tlaase le ka tlaase ho moo.

makhulo maiketsetso libakeng nkoa le tsoa masimong a dijothollo kapa a hlaha ka mor'a ho senngoa ha meru. Di seeded joang perennial, e fana ka lihlahisoa phahameng ka ho fetisisa. Kamehla hlokomela boemo ba mobu, ho etsa hlokahala diminerale le manyolo menontsha. Makhulo tikoloho tabeng ena e fapaneng ka ho feletseng ho tswa ho ba tlhaho, a bōpa le ho hlokomelwa artificially feela.

Bakeng sa fula li sebelisoa tlhaho le maiketsetso makhulo bobeli. le letona ho nkoa ho hloka ea libaka joalo ka lefapha la ka tšebeliso ngoe, e lumella joang bo koahela sekoahelo tsosolosoa.

lintho tse phelang tikolohong Biotic dikarolo makhulo

Meadow ke ea baahi mahareng ka boholo ba libōpuoa tse phelang, kahoo e entsoe ka likarolo tsohle tlholeho ka leha e le efe ba bona ba.

Baahi ba bitsoa makhulong lintho tse phelang tikolohong biotic dikarolo. Ho latela tlhophiso e amohetsweng, ke bahlahisi, bareki le decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Bahlahisi - ke limela tse sokolla matla a letsatsi ka tala isomer tsoekere C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (botlaaseng ntho efe kapa efe manyolo).

2. Consuments - bareki Meadow tikoloho, ho fepa ka dimela, likokoanyana kapa liphoofolo tse ling.

3. Decomposers - tse phelang hore fepa ka taba bafu manyolo.

bahlahisi makhulo

Semela ka sehloohong Meadow e - joang. Ho lumeloa hore ka mitha e mong lisekoere a ka teng le bapile ka mahlakore ka ka dimela tse makholo a fapaneng.

Basic Meadow e kgabisang - lijo-thollo (ka mashome a mane mefuta). Ho Timothea, e khubelu fescue le Meadow, rye joang, lifate joang, bluegrass , Meadow foxtail, Meadow brome, sothoe tšoeu. Ba etsa ho fihlela hlama eo e tala, fana ka tlelapo ya reisisi hantle, hola butle nakong ea selemo, hoetla hola hape (fanoeng mor'a). Tsena litlama - e ka tlaase le litekanyetso tsa makhulo le.

Tlang atileng ka ho fetisisa Meadow - legumes (ho tloha ka mefuta e leshome le metso e mehlano ho mashome a mabeli): clover, dierekisi, boemo. Ba ntlafatsa mobu ka naetrojene. Sena ke le litekanyetso bobeli.

Joang ba dimela tsa lelapa la Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, clove - e ha e le hantle e le litekanyetso boraro.

Grass - pele kgokahanyo bohlokoa ka ketane lijo, baahi naha. Ha ho mokhelo le makhulong bottler. Liphoofolo (liphoofolo tse phytophage), likokoanyana, linonyana ja meroho bobeli le dipeo. The joang eketsehileng tse hlaha ka Meadow, ho bareki ho feta bokgoni ba ka subsist setšeng sena.

consuments

makhulo bareki tikoloho li arotsoe ka ditaelo tse tharo:

1. Ho ea bareki (basebelisi) ya otara ya pele ke baemeli ba liphoofolo ka kotloloho fepa bahlahisi (bahlahisi), ke hore, dimela. Sena likokoanyana (lirurubele, linotši, likhofu), phytophage liphoofolo tse anyesang (litoeba, likhomo, lipere, linku, lipoli, le mebutlanyana), Meadow linonyana (likoekoe, nonyana, khoale).

2. Taelo ea bobeli tsoele consuments carnivores, herbivores ja. Ho Liphokojoe, hedgehogs, insectivorous nonyana (wagtail, corncrake, common snipe, tits, mashome a mane) esita le likho.

3. Ka taelo ea boraro ea bareki ba carnivores, ja carnivores. Sena se linonyana (kestrel, harrier, Hawk, k'haete) le liphoofolo (mohlala, liphokojoe).

lintho tse phelang tikolohong Destroyers makhulo

Leha e le ketane lijo lokela ho koaloa, e bakoang ke lipotoloho tsa ho ikatisa. Ka lebaka leo, ho na le e lokela ho ba lintho tse nang le bokhoni ba hlephileng ea litlhaka kahare tsohle tse phelang. еструкторами. Ba ba bitsoa decomposers, kapa le d estruktorami. Ba phetha mosebetsi oa bohlokoa haholo - e ka sebopeho sa medics, ba ile ba koaloa potoloho biogeochemical.

Moo ke mesaletsa? Ena fatše bafu le ka tlas'a lefatše (metso) ba limela, oele makhasi a hoetla, bafu (kapa ho tloha lefu efe kapa efe, kapa o ile a shoa, kapa ba sa tsoa qeta ho tshebetso ya ho teng), linonyana le liphoofolo, linonyana, lihlahisoa litšila, liphoofolo le batho. Sena sohle se taba eneji, le e ngata manyolo, e bitsoa detritus.

The tikoloho ea makhulong etsa ho ka khoneha ho e yo liphoofolo tse latelang hore fepa ka detritus (detritophages):

• linonyana - lintsu, manong, lla, jackdaws;

• likokoanyana - bohloa, likokoanyana larvae, ho ntshetsa pele ka tlas'a lefatše, bolokoe ba maleshoane, centipedes peli para;

• earthworms.

Kaofela ha baemeli ba ka holimo ea limela Meadow Hangata ka ka ho bareki, nka e tsoane arohaneng ka sehlopha se busang sa bareki. Timetsang bakiloeng bafu me ka tsela eo ho hloekisa tikoloho, ba siea o tiileng undigested litlhaka kahare (mantle).

makhulo decomposers

Meadow joang, eo ke bahlahisi, kaha kgolo ya bona lokela ho nka ho tloha mobu qhibiliha ho eona liminerale.

Ka naha (ho akarelletsa le Meadow) matsoai dintho kena mobung o ka litsela tse peli - biotic le abiotic.

1. Tsa tlhaho li-fungus feela le mobu microorganisms khona ho sokolla metsoako e rarahaneng manyolo ka e bonolo inorganic le manyolo. Ba ke decomposers ka sehloohong ea lintho tse phelang tikolohong tsa lefatše. Sena mokhoa biotic.

2. Mechanical ho qhala (hatsele-qhibilihisa), lik'hemik'hale le liphetoho photochemical etsahalang linthong tsa tlhaho, e fetoloa metsoako e rarahaneng manyolo fumaneha ho decomposers e bonolo manyolo le inorganic. Ena ke tsela e abiotic ho.