Sebopeho sa DNA batho

Boteng ba phelang taba e loketseng ho ba teng ha acid nucleic. F. Miescher pele thōko dintho tsena ho tloha leukocyte nuclei (1869). Hamorao ba ile ba li ne li fumanoa ka lisele tsohle ea ho phela ka phelang (batho, liphoofolo, limela, libaktheria le likokoana-hloko).

Nucleic acid e - prostatic sehlopha nucleoproteins. The hydrolysis ea acid e nucleic fumana makalana nitrogenous (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil le thymine), pentoses (deoxyribose, ribose), le asiti phosphate. Fuoa ho hlophisoa skeletal, acid nucleic classified ka deoxyribonucleic (DNA) le asiti ribonucleic (RNA). The batho DNA sebopeho se akarelletsa deoxyribose, ka RNA - ribose. acid tsena li fapana ka sebopeho ea limolek'hule, sebopeho makalana nitrogenous, diriswa lisele, 'me ka ho hlakileng, mesebetsi. Biosoedineniya molek'hule e le bopilwe ka purine kapa pyrimidine botlaaseng le monosaccharides (ribose kapa deoxyribose), e bitswang nucleosides. Title cytidine ikemiselitse nitrogenous botlaaseng, eo e leng ho eona. Kahoo, cytidine e kenyeletsang ka hare sebopeho sa eona sa molek'hule adenine o bitsoa adenosine, thymine - thymidine, uracil - uridine, cytosine - cytidine, guanine - guanosine. Ho itšetlehile ka hore monosaccharides (pentoses) hore ke karolo ea limolek'hule le khetholla ribonucleosides le deoxyribonucleosides.

Batho DNA - the lik'hemik'hale motheong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso, eo ho eona boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa ntho e phelang e concentrated. Localized haholo-holo ka ea nuclei ea lisele, ka go tlhaolega ka chromosomes ena. Nakong hydrolysis ea DNA nucleotides di thehoa: dezoksiadenilovaya (A) dezoksiguanilovaya (T) dezoksitsitidilovaya (U) le thymidylic (T) acid. Ka linako tse ling nucleotides li lemoha ka ho hlophisoa lintho tse ngata tse nyenyane derivatives tse ling tsa purines le pyrimidines - botlaaseng tse nyenyane: 5-oksimetiltsitozin (ka bacteriophages), 5-methylcytosine (ka lisele tsa thymus ho), le ba bang. Nucleotides li amana ka ketane polynucleotide (DNA) oksijene marokho thehoa hydroxyl loketseng - masalla ea acid e phosphate tsa nucleotide mong le sehlopha hydroxyl ka har'a carbon boraro ea masalla bobeli ea deoxyribose nucleotide athomo.

The nucleotide tatelano tsa bodulo DNA molek'hule ho ithuta batho ka tlhahlamano (Engl seguence -. The ithuta tatelano ea). Bakeng sa morero ona, ho sesebediswa sequencer bo thehiloeng and analysis ya khomphuta ya hao ea nucleotide tatelano sete placement (ho fihlela ho diyuniti lekholo).

palo ea nucleotides ka limolek'hule DNA ke batho e 25 000 - 35 000 kapa ho feta, 'me le boima ba' mele ea limolek'hule tsa -. From milione tse seng kae ho tse limilione tse likete 2-5 DNA limolek'hule ka "bona" ka elektrone ya microscope. Palo e feletseng ea mefuta e mene ea nucleotides (A, G, C le T) ka DNA limolek'hule se hlahang ho yona fapaneng fapana ka mekoloko bophara.

Mohaho o ka sehloohong oa DNA

Crick le D. Watson ka 1953, theha hore deoxyribonucleic acid e molek'hule ke habeli liketane Helix polynucleotide, swirling pota selekane lona. Spiral e tšoana le spiral boipelaetso litepising, tse seporo thehoa litlhaka kahare deoxyribose kokangana phosphorus-phenylate litlamo tsa mofuta 3 - 5, 'me mehato - makalana naetrojene. Adenine e amana ka litlamo hydrogen le thymine, guanine - le cytosine. Phetolo acid e deoxyribonucleic ka a petetswa le a otlolla. Sena ke DNA sebopeho se mahareng. Ba bang ba bacteriophages fumanoa single- molek'hule DNA. Bakeng sa deoxyribonucleic acid e molek'hule bath mahareng le phahameng sebopeho, e leng e thehiloe ke kopana habeli tsielehile le mefuta e chitja ea DNA le ba latelang sebopeho spiralizirovannyh superspiralizirovannyh le dibopeho.