Sebaka mehleng ea kajeno monna ka tsamaiso ea lefatše manyolo

Bo-rasaense ba bitsa anthropology kaha selelekela lona ka mefuta Africa e East batho ba pele ea baholo-holo (ba ka bang limilione tse 1,7 lilemong tse fetileng) ho letsatsi le teng, hammoho le ho leka ho fumana hore na sebaka sa motho tsamaisong manyolo lefatshe. Le ka lebaka la ho ithuta e ne e le popo ea sehlopha sohle sa laea saense: anthropology, kelello ea sechaba, socionics, ba nka monna hore e be ntho e lefatšeng a liphoofolo, ho beha hopola hore ho e ikhethang haholo ho ba mofuta oa moea. A sehloohong sena a, re arabe potso ena, se sebakeng sa monna e mong oa tsamaiso ea manyolo tsa lefatše ka lebaka la duality lona ke ho kopana litšobotsi tsa botho ba 'mele' me ka tsela e poteletseng.

The taxonomic boemo ba sapiens karaoke Homo

libōpuoa tsohle tse phelang tse lulang polaneteng ea rōna, na le maemo a hantle-hlalosoa tsamaisong tlhophiso ea tlhaho. A re ke re sheba lintho tseo ke sebaka sa monna e mong oa tsamaiso ea manyolo lefatshe.

Empire - ke 'muso o hlaheletseng hlophisitsoeng sehlopha. E bitsoa bophelo. Ebe o latelang e taxon joaloka domain name (superkingdom). Bophelo ho kenyeletsa tse peli superkingdom: prokaryotes le eukaryotes. Monna e mong ea kena domain name ba eukaryotes (phelang Nyutlelie). Sena se lateloa ke 'muso o ka liphoofolo, mofuta oa Chordates, liphoofolo tse anyesang sehlopha sa infraclass Placental, litsoene, ho hominid lelapa, ho genus Batho mofuta ofe Homo sapiens karaoke. batho bohle ba phelang, e ne e akarelletsa ho tse ka holimo diyuniti taxonomic, theha sete bitsoa batho.

Kamoo ho paka hlahang ho yona phoofolo ea monna

Ho etsa lipatlisiso entsoeng ke bo-rasaense le taxonomists li tiisitse hore motho tsamaisong manyolo lefatše - sehlopheng sa liphoofolo tse anyesang, tse e boetse e akarelletsa liphoofolo tse taxa joaloka likatse, lintja Bats, litoeba, Artiodactyla, joalo-joalo Le hoja ho se tšoane ho Link .. sebopeho, tsohle baemeli ba liphoofolo tse anyesang placental, e akarelletsang batho ba, ho na le se le seng le mekhoa anatomical le fisioloji. Tsena li akarelletsa ho 4-kamoreng pelo, ajoa tse peli, mofuthu-bloodedness. Sebopeho kakaretso ea moralo oa pele 'me khama e tšehali e maoto a, hammoho le mabanta bona ka liphoofolo tsohle tsa taxon ena e tšoana le ea human anatomy batho. Ka mohlala, leoto holimo liphoofolo tse anyesang tsohle bopilwe ka mahetla e itseng, ulna le radius le masapo carpal, metacarpal le phalanges.

Lekaneng ka tsela e tšoanang ka batho le placental mammalian tshilong ya dijo ka itšoara joang. Mohlala, bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa metsoako manyolo ke ketso ea enzyme tshilong ya dijo, ho tsamaisa oksijene ka lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, sebopeho sa acid e uric e le mosebetsi qetellong sehlahisoa oona tsamaisong excretory. Na mekgwa le tloaelehileng la neuro-humoral molao oa tsamaiso ea bophelo. Sena se tiisa taba ea hore motho tsamaisong ea manyolo oa lefatše o haufi-ufi amanang le vertebrates akarelletsa liphoofolo tse anyesang sehlopha sa.

bopaki bo Embryological phoofolo mofuta monna

diphetho, eseng feela ka tšimo ea human anatomy le popego liphuputso li bontša hore re na le hlahang ho yona tšoana le lefatše le phoofolo. bopaki bo tebileng ea 'nete ena ke lithuto tsa tšimong ea embryology, ho ithuta embryonic ntshetsopeleng ya vertebrates, ho tloha tlhapi ho sehlopha sa superclass ea liphoofolo tse anyesang. molao Biogenetic rerileng ke Haeckel le F. Müller, ikopanya ntshetsopele ea histori ea e mong le e mefuta e le ontogeny ea motho ka mong e le 'ngoe. All liphoofolo tse vertebrate, ho akarelletsa batho, li tšoaroa ka embryogenesis ea sethaleng lehe, lera le 'ngoe ea embryo e - blastula embryo le habeli lera e entsoeng ka ectoderm le endoderm - gastrula.

Ka mekhahlelo ea pele ea ntshetsopeleng ntle mokhelo chordate embryos na slits Gill, ea mohatla le sebopeho tšoanang 'mele. Sena se o sebeletsa e le bopaki ba hore motho eo tsamaisong ea manyolo oa lefatše o le haufi le liphoofolo. Ho feta moo, bo-rasaense ba bangata ba lumela hore vertebrates tsohle naha ba bile teng ba tsoa liforomo ea baholo-holo ba tloaelehileng.

Rudiments le atavism

Le laea kang human anatomy bapisang, U ka hlalosa sebaka motho tsamaisong ea manyolo tsa lefatše, e le sebōpeho sa 'mele le batho ka bomong makala ka liphoofolo tse anyesang o ka bona mabapi hlakileng. Mohlala, sehlomathiso - e rudiment, ho tiisa hore baholo-holo ba tloaelehileng ho re e ne e le tsa dibopeho tse phytophage liphoofolo. 'Me le hoja e lahlehileng ea bohlokoa ka tshilo ya dijo motho o tsoela pele ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho ho sithabela tsa selulose le tse ling tse cloven-hoofed liphoofolo tse ho tloha herbivores. moneketsela ena e le eyelid boraro, ha ke a etsa mosebetsi ofe kapa ofe ka 'mele oa motho ea maikutlo a, ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho ba sehlopheng sa ba lihahabi vertebrates tse kang linoha.

Ho rudimentary ka mesifa batho tsebe, e le ho pinna ke hoo e ka bang immobile. Empa ka taelo Carnivora, sehlopha sena mesifa e hantle haholo ntshetswa pele, a ba fa tlhokomelo le tlwaetso tikoloho.

Atavism: ponahalo ea mohatla, multimammate, khōlo ea bongata ba moriri ka sefahleho 'me likarolo tse ling tsa' mele - bontša sebaka sa monna e mong oa tsamaiso ea ba manyolo pono ea lefatše ea simolohile liphoofolo.

makgetheng Anatomical amanang le bipedalism

paatsepama mele ketsahalo e ileng ea etsa hore ho hlaha ha makgetheng itseng ka sebopeho anatomical tsa 'mele oa motho. Mohlala, S-e bōpehileng joaloka lesapo la mokokotlo sebopeho, e leng eketsa fetoha le maemo le nolofatsa bohloko le sisinya ka tsamaea le mathang, cupped sebopeho sa noka, e leng Houses sa litho tse ka hare, haholo-holo sebopeho ba leoto - eo na le e behiloeng hore e fana ka cushioning le tšireletso bakeng sa maoto a ka tlaase ha ba tsamaea. makgetheng tsena tsohle lia ikhetha ho batho le ha ba fumana ka mefuta e 'ngoe ea liphoofolo. Sena se bontša sebaka khethehileng tsamaisong ea kajeno ea lefatše batho manyolo hore a arola ho tloha litho tse ling tsa 'muso li liphoofolo.

Social lintlha tsa ho iphetola ha lintho tsa botho

Bipedalism e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho hōla ha motho ka mong tsa botho. Upper leoto - letsoho - lokolloa mesebetsi ya mokhatlo oa 'me a qala ho sebelisoa ho phetha tiea' me e rarahaneng tshebetso: mangolo, bohato ba pelehi, ho bapala liletsa tsa 'mino, joalo-joalo Bokhoni ba ho Ntša le sebelisa mollo e le tšireletso, le bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho ea lijo thermally sebetswa ka ho feletseng .. ho arohane litho tsa mefuta e sa Homo sapiens karaoke le liphoofolo tse ling, 'me tšoauoa motho ea ikhethang tsamaisong manyolo lefatshe.

Ntshetsopeleng ya ho nahana le ho bua

Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa maiketsetso 'me bophelo ba ka mekhatlo ea khale ba fella ka hore ho thehoe tsamaiso ka boleng fapaneng a bontsa ho, e leng fapane le ea "puo phoofolo". Complication interneural mabitso a mang ka le letšehali ea Lefatše le tse tobileng lobe (sebakeng hola e le Broca) faneng Tshebediso ya ea libakeng tsa kutloisiso le metsamao ya mmele ea ho bua. E leng bokhoni ba ho rarahaneng tshebetso kelello: analysis tswakana, khemise - ke ka lebaka la ho iphetola ha lintho tsa botho - anthropogenesis. E ile ea etsa hore ho thehoe ea kajeno tsa likokoana-hloko mefuta sapiens karaoke Homo.

ho iphetola ha lintho ea batho le mofuta o kopanetsoe motho

Ho ba karolo ea lintho tsa tlhaho le ho ya ntshetsopele ya bokgoni lona ho iphetola ha lintho ea mokhatlo oa batho ka kakaretso, hammoho le mong le e mong motho ba se nang balekane ke pontšo ea likamano tsa hae tsa sechaba tseo ba ntshetswa pele ka lebaka la histori, tsa bolumeli le setso litšobotsi tsa baahi fapaneng tsa batho. Sena taeo saense e sociobiology, e leng le hantle e rulagannya liphatsa tsa lefutso, kahisano, baeloji, kelello, ba leka ho amahanya ka ho tenets kaofela kgetho tsa tlhaho, a sebetsa linthong tsa tlhaho, le liketsahalo e feela batho tse kang itella le moetlo. Ba ka sehloohong ka likarabo batho boitshwaro le ho etsa hore phapang lona tse khōlō ho tloha reflexes le tlhaho liphoofolo.

Botho le ea mohlala lona ea sechaba

E hlaphohileng ho hlahloba karolo ea motsoako tsa likokoana-hloko ho iphetola ha lintho tsa botho, empa hape ka lebaka la mabapi le haufi le tlhaho, re lokela ho hopola hore lintlha tsohle ka holimo li bontša hore mefuta e Homo sapiens karaoke ho pholletsa anthropogenesis thehoa tlas'a molao oa tsoelo-pele ea moloko oa batho, ea neng a ithuta thuto ea kahisano, saense ea sechaba, kelello . kamano ea motho le lefatše phoofolo ka ho hlaka ho bone ea saense tse kang baeloji. Beha motho tsamaisong ea manyolo oa lefatše o ikhethang, kaha ke o ke sebōpuoa kopanetsoe.

Ena e bontšoa ke 'kaofela ha likhopolo tsebahalang tsa moea le tsa filosofi tse itlhahela Babylona ea boholo-holo, Greece le' Muso oa Roma. Ba ile ba fetoha 'me a hlahella e le' likhopolo tsa malumeli a lefatše a ka sehloohong: Bolumeli ba Sejuda, Bokreste, Boislamo le Bobuddha. Litsi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa tsoelo-pele ea lefatše ho ile ha hlaha ka lebaka la likamano tsa phedisano le moruo. Thanks ho bona, ho na le ne a boetse a theha mofuta o khethehileng oa bophelo Lefatšeng, eo e bitsoa batho.