Neurula - e ho ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopeleng embryo

E 'ngoe ea linako tsa ntshetsopele motho ea lintho tse - ontogenesis ke embryogenesis. Li akarelletsa nako ho tloha qalong ea sebopeho sa zygote pele ho tsoalo phelang le na le mekhahlelo e 'maloa ho latellana feta. E mong oa bona ke neurula. Sena ke ho ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopele ya vertebrates, e isang ho thehoe embryo e, ho ba le dikarolo kokoana-hloko tse tharo, hammoho le tube neural. Ho feta moo, ka libeke tse 'maloa ka embryo li thehoa tsa ba ka sehloohong mehaho likarolo tsohle tsa tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile. A sehloohong sena a re nahana ka litšobotsi tsa sethaleng bobeli 'me le thulaganyo fisioloji etsahalang ho eona.

Mekhahlelo ea ho hōla embryonic

Feletseng le junifomo sithabetsa zygote placental liphoofolo tse anyesang, tse akarelletsang batho ba, ho etsa hore mohaho o motopo joaloka e monokotsoai monokotšoai kapa raspberry. Ho e bitsoa morula. Ebe lisele tse lona o ile a lokisetsa ka lera le mong, 'me ha thehoa blastula. Sena mokotla sekoti, marako a tse thehoa blastomeres-liseleng. Ka mor'a moo, e le mokhoa oa ho invagination, fella ka ponahalo ea mokato habeli ya embryo ena. Sena ke sethaleng gastrula. Ho na le ectoderm le endoderm, 'me e na le molomo o ka sehloohong, se bitsoang Molomo oa blastopore ena. Ka mor'a moo metshetshe tse koetsoeng, le lesea o na le mofuta o mong oa mokato habeli a mokotla. mathata a morago ga moo e ka sebopeho sa embryo e amanang le ponahalo ea mong, oa boraro, lera germinal - mesoderm rapaletse pakeng tsa ecto- le endoderm. thuto ea hae ka embryogenesis oa motho o na specifics ea habo eona. Re tla ithuta ka ho qaqileng.

sebopeho sa mesenchyme

Lesea le ka popelong ka cavity mefuta thōko dithulaganyo lateral - somites kapa lipokothong. Di nkiloeng ho tloha khale eyeglobe leboteng. Ho tswa ho mesoderm ntshetsa pele le ho somites ho sebeletsa e le pontšo ho organogenesis holimo. Thehoa tsamaiso ea ho mehaho e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa: notochord, mala le phaephe neural. Ba ba bitsoa makala axial. Kokoana-hloko ea thatafatsa sebopeho lona, theha sethaleng ntjha - neurula. Ho nka sebaka leqepheng la 3 - libeke tse 4 tsa ho ima. The mochine oa sebōpeho sa itse phahame embryo sethaleng tšohla ka ho eketsehileng.

E le embryo bonahala tube, neural

Le ka ntle lakane germinal - ectoderm, ka lehlakoreng dorsal ya tlhaka e ba ho feta le letso-letso le e tenya, le e fetoloa e poleiti neural. metshetshe lona baa tsosoa, eaba ba etsa rollers tse peli. Pakeng tsa bona ho na le ke ka mocha, o ile fetola ka cavity tsa boko le lesapong la mokokotlo tlala bo tahang. Neural poleiti koala metshetshe lona, pele sebakeng cervical tsa embryo eo, embryo 'me joale khutlela hammoho a selekane' mele. E fella ka le koalo ya poleiti neural karolong cranial moo boko ho ntshetsa pele vesicles - qaleho ea boko. Ke libeke tse 4 tsa ho ima, tube neural ka ho feletseng segregated tloha ectoderm ena. Hobane tube, neural thehoa lisele tse methapo ea kutlo le dinama tse nyenyane tse trophic - le hlaha neurula le neuroglia. Sena ke ho ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopeleng embryonic, eo na le le dikarolo kokoana-hloko tse tharo le phaephe neural. Joang ho tswa ho theha tsamaiso ea methapo ea motho?

Karolo e phethoang ke neural Crest sebopeho ka tsamaiso ea methapo

Hang-hang ka mor'a hore ho rollers ikopanya le ponahalo ea tube neural ka likarolo tse bohareng le cutaneous ectoderm arola sehlopha sa lisele tse. Ho e teng hammoho ea selekane sa embryo 'mele pakeng tsa lera le ka ntle le embryonic tube, neural o bitsoa Crest neural. likarolo tsa lona lisele na le tšobotsi e ikhethang. Sena ke - le matla a ho fallela likarolong tse sa tšoaneng tsa embryo batho. Ka mohlala, ba bang ba ea lisele embryo susumelletsa teba haholoanyane le 'mele le neurocytes foromo le neuroglia ganglia la likarohano le kutloelo-bohloko le parasympathetic ea karolo e pheriferale tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo. lisele tse ling tse lulang Crest neural, qalong eaba ba etsa ganglion lipoleiti, tse ka nako eo fetoloa nodes lipara 31 of methapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Ena neurulation thulaganyo e seng fela ho na le ntlafatso tse ling tsa likarolo tsa tsamaiso ea e bohareng le e pheriferale tšohile.

Ho eketseha rarahana ha sebōpeho sa embryo le ka ho ba sethaleng neurula

Falla lisele tse neural Crest, ho tloha karolo e itseng lipakeng tlang ho dikarolo sacral khoele ho 27 - 28 somites, na matla a ho phapang, ke hore hantle tšoanang polustvolovym lisele tsa lesapo moko. Qalang ho tloha karolo e latelang ea diencephalon le ho sacral karete embryo ka 27 - 28 somite bobeli, sebopeho sa neurocytes ba hōlileng tsebong 'me lisele tse glial tsa methapo ea kutlo cranial le ganglia tsa sethusathuto utluwang le skeletal. Mothating ona oa ntshetsopeleng embryonic ka mefuta e fapaneng ho tloha ho 1 ho ea 7 somite derivatives Crest qapa sebopeho sa ganglia autonomic innervating pelo, matšoafo, mala le litho tsa ka hare ea noka embryo. Tlatsa le nonofo ya mmele ea tsamaiso ea methapo ke ho fihlela ho libeke tse 40 tsa boimana.

Mabaka a ho falla ea lisele neural Crest

E thehiloeng holimo dithulaganyo tšohloa oa tsamaiso ea methapo, potso tsa tlhaho hlaha: hona u ka hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng e hahabang le neural lisele tse Crest holim'a libaka tse telele 'meleng oa lesea joang? Morao-rao embryology hlalosa ba ka mokgwa o latelang. Pele, neurula - e ho ba sethaleng sa embryogenesis eo neural lisele tse Crest lahleheloa ke matla a bona a ho khomarela, ke hore, ho buisana le e mong le e tse ling tse ... Lebaka la bobeli larileng ka lik'hemik'hale tsa popeho kantle ho sele ea embryo ena. E entsoe ka acid e hyaluronic le liprotheine: collagen, laminin, fibronectin le tropism bakeng sa lisele tse neural Crest.

kamano ea bona le popeho kantle ho sele le ho falla le hlaha ka lebaka la ho bontša limolek'hule - integrins, hammoho le ho ba teng ka somites neurula glycoproteins khethehileng: tenascin le T-cadherin. All ena etsa bonnete ba ntshetsopele ya likarolo tse khōlō tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea embryo ena.