Mechanical boenjiniere le ka Ukraine: lefapha le mekhoa jwale

Mechanical Engineering ea Ukraine e ka tloaelo se nkoa e le lefapha la ea isang le hloohoana ea moruo. Mona ba concentrated ka sehloohong theknoloji e phahameng likhoebo likoloi le lifofane le boenjiniere, metallurgy, matla indasteri tshireletso le masimo tse ling.

Histori ea tsoelo-pele ea indasteri e

E qala ka pale ea boenjiniere le ho phetha molao feela ka Ukraine lilemong tsa bo-XIX. Ntshetsopeleng ya mobung o moholo oa mashala Basin ea Donets 'me tsoelo-pele ea metallurgy hlokahala ho sebelisa mechine liindasteri, lisebelisoa, tšepe. Bakeng sa temo, le ne le boetse hloka lisebelisoa molemo le a leeme mechine.

Fektheri ea pele ea mechine ea temo e ile ea buloa ka 1840 ka Mlieve. likhoebo kgolo ne Alexandrovsky Plant ka Ekaterinoslav (eo hona joale Dnepropetrovsk), Plant Hughes ka Donetsk semela "Dnipro" ka Kamensky (eo hona joale Dnipropetrovsk), mabenkele hloohoana ka Kharkov le Lugansk. Pele phetohelo ka kakaretso khumo indasteri ea 'Muso oa Russia ea arolelana Ukraine e ne e 25%.

New Breath mechine Ukraine fumanoeng le qaleha ea matla a Soviet Union. Sebakeng seo chelete e ngata e se e invested kaho ea likhoebo tse khōlō. .. Ka ho khetheha, e Kharkov Turbine Plant (1929), e Kharkov terekere Plant (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric hloohoana eo Plant (1934), Kiev armored dimela (1935), jj Ka mor'a ntoa, tsoela pele haholo e bile le boenjiniere liindasteri theknoloji e phahameng: lifofane, sebaka Lata, likoloi, indasteri tshireletso, boenjiniere le boima, seletsa se etsa le ba bang.

litšobotsi tse akaretsang

mokhoa ona oa tsoelo-pele ea boenjiniere le ho phetha molao feela ka Ukraine bua ka phetoho tse khōlō le kopanngoa ha makala a sebopeho kaofela ba lefapha. Khahlanong le okametsoeng kopanela liphate le Russia (eo e neng e molekane ka sehloohong) le katoloso ea menyetla ya diyantle le Europe ho tloha likhoebo kgolo hlaha e le mathata a ka ke diyantle tsa lihlahisoa tsa moetlo, hammoho le ba bang ba le tebello e ea fapakaneng ea tlhahiso nakong e tlang.

Potsong ea "Hlalosa indasteri ea boenjiniere le tsa Ukraine sebopeho" na le karabo e tobileng. Machine-na le mohaho rarahaneng ea Ukraine akarelletsa ho fetang 20 makala khethehileng, 58-potlana makala. Ha e le hantle, ka hare ho naha o nang le ditho tsohle mefuta o teng oa boenjiniere. Ho ea ka lipalo official, 11.267 lik'hamphani ngolisitsoeng ka sebopeho 146 ea tsona e khōlō, 1834 - kakaretso, le 9287 - nyenyane. Sebopeho sebelisang ba ka bang limilione tse 1,5 basebetsi ba.

Analysis khumo

Ho ea ka Komiti State Lipalo-palo, tlhahiso ea mochini-na le mohaho rarahaneng ka 2011-2013, khahlanong le semelo sa lefapha lohle ke tse latelang (sheba tafole.)

Ho ea ka lipalo-palo, esita le pele ho bothata ka 2014 ho na le e ne e ea fokotseha tsa meqolo tlhahiso ea lefapha la ho tloha 10 ho ea ho 8,7%. Ha re bapisa le boenjiniere bo phetha molao oa Ukraine le lefatšeng, ka ho ya ka thekiso (ka peresente ya indasteri palo yohle) lipalo fapana haholo - karo-karolelano ena ke ka tlaase haholo ho feta ba linaheng tse tsoetseng pele. mokhoa ona e tšoauoa ka ntshetsopeleng pherekano motseng oa mochine-na le mohaho rarahaneng.

E ho hlahloba ya diyantle le naha

lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho ke diyantle tsa lihlahisoa tsa mechine indasteri haholo-holo e ileng ea linaha tse CIS, boholo ba ka Serussia Federation le Kazakhstan. Phokotsong ka mosebetsi le dipeeletso tsa limmarakeng kgolo ile sa etsa hore ea fokotseha ka khumo indasteri ke diyantle.

Ho ea ka State Statistics Komiti ea Ukraine, ka 2011-2013, rephabliki romeloa linaheng tse ling ho feta halofo ea tlhahiso ho ea linaheng tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, keketseho e fetileng ka ya tlhokeho tsa lihlahisoa tsa Seukraine ka 'maraka lefatše le ke diyantle dikamano tsa mochine-haha rarahaneng ea naheng ka 2015 o ile a fa tsela ea ho stagnation ho indasteri e.

Ukraine lihlahisoa le boenjiniere, eo Import ho sebedisanwang tsoang linaheng tse ling (2014):

• Motors le lipompo (palo yohle matlotlo - $ limilione tse likete tse 3).
• thepa ea motlakase ($ limilione tse likete tse 2,7).
• W / le d lipalangoang ($ 0,8 limilione tse likete tse).
• lipalangoang Road ($ 0,3 limilione tse likete tse).
• lipalangoang moea ($ 0.2 limilione tse likete tse).
• Seletsa ($ 0.2 limilione tse likete tse).
• Lekhotla ($ 0,1 limilione tse likete tse).

litsi le boenjiniere ka Ukraine

Ka tloaelo, batho ba bangata ea indasteri ea e teng karolong e bohareng le e ka bochabela ea naha. Ba atisa ho megacities le Donbass liindasteri sebakeng. Major boenjiniere le masihla a Kiev, Kharkov le Dnepropetrovskiy.

Major boenjiniere le mesebetsi (Ukraine):

• Lata le sebaka le indasteri lifofane: Kiev ( "Antonov"), Zaporozhye ( "Motor Sich"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Kfz-Händler: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, "IVECO-Motor Sich"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "Bogdan"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• Lipalangoang le boenjiniere: Kharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Shipbuilding: Nikolaev ( "Ocean" Plant reheletsoe ka 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson Shipyard).
• Boima mechine: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Machine Mesebetsi), Donetsk (NPK "morafo mechine"), Sumy (. Sumy Frunze), Kharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "Bolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A Transport: Ball ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Motlakase le seletsa se le boenjiniere: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-sesebediswa").
• Home lisebelisoa: Donetsk ( "Nord").
• Metalworking: Kharkov (harepa).

indasteri ea likoloi

E na le neano morui, ea boenjiniere le likoloi ka Ukraine. indasteri e hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng tletse lihlahisoa tsa sesole le sechaba. E koahela e mengata e fapaneng mekhatlo ea amehang ntshetsopeleng, proizvodnje le rekisa likoloi, likoloi tsa baeti le literaka tsa khoebo, libese, lik'haravene, lithuthuthu, bromfietsen, likarolo fokoletsoe le ya disebediswa tse kathoko.

Ho ea ka khopolo ea tsoelo-pele ea indasteri e likoloi ka 2015 lebeletsoe ho hlahisa ho fihlela ho se na likoloi 500.000, ho fihlela ho literaka 45.000, 20,000 libese. Ka liketso, kabelo ea indasteri ka tlhahiso ea liindasteri lilemong tsa morao tjena ke 0,8-0,6 feela%, 'me ka ho bōptjoa ha naha sehlahisoa feteletseng malapeng - tlase ho 0.4-0.3%. Kfz-Händler boenjiniere le ka Ukraine e tšoauoa ka underdeveloped, 'me monehelo lona ho ea sechaba moruo e seng oa bohlokoa. Ka sebopeho sa sebelisa tlase ho 0,1% tsohle sebetsa ka har'a naha.

Ka karolo e reng "likoloi tse" joale haholo SKD Brands baditjhaba bohareng sehlopha sa (C, B) le boemong ba tlaase ba selegae le le eketsa boleng ba bōptjoa ka naha ea Ukraine. Ka kakaretso, ho Seukraine indasteri likoloi na lik'hamphani ba ka bang 100, e khōlō ka ho fetisisa tseo ka tsona ke tsena:

• CJSC ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" CJSC.
• "Bogdan" Corporation.

Boima mechine Ukraine

Sena ke e mong oa ka ho fetisisa tsoetseng pele potlana mafapha-ea naha, tšoauoa ka palo e khōlō ea likhoebo, ho ba teng ha ka "matla" boenjiniere bo sekolo, ho etsa thepa lineano. Ikemiselitse ho reka lihlahisoa tsa linaheng tse ling e le ho sebedisanwang ka bochabela le ka bophirimela. Hlahisa: excavators, gommate, ladles, hlobo, converters, ba ikhopolang ho tamping, cheka, mokgwatshepetso, foundries, mechine tseleng, elevators, diyuniti tsa ho sila, kereita, sila, machining, ho kopanya lefatše, tšepe, lejoe le lintho tse ling matsoai.

indasteri ea lifofane

indasteri e kenyelletsa ditokiseletso mekhatlo tse fetang 60, tseo ikarabella ka kotara ya basebetsi bohle ba boenjiniere le ea sechaba. Motheong oa lik'hamphani tse hlano tse khōlō. Bokhoni ba ho indasteri e lifofane etsa ho ka khoneha ho eketsa bophahamo ba modumo ea ntshetsopele le tlhahiso ea sefofane, ka ho khetheha:

• mopalami lebatowa le lifofane ho tsamaisa;
• dienjini lifofane le dikarolo;
• avionics, tsepamisa maikutlo tabeng ea ho sebelisa lipuisanong sathelaete ho tsamaea leoatleng le leihlo;
• liroala-nkhoana 'me lifofane lifofane tse nyenyane, ka ho khetheha unmanned.

tsoelo-pele e tsepisa kenyeletsa:

• Lifofane "AN" tsa diphetolo tse sa tšoaneng.
• Tlhahiso ea dienjini lifofane.
• Liroala-nkhoana.

liindasteri tse ling

Machine-sesebelisoa dumella ntshetsopele ya makala kaofela le boenjiniere, tlhahiso ea setso le theknoloji. Machine-Tool Plant (retelehela mechine le mechine semiautomatic, mechine taemane-bora) ba sebakeng Kharkov, Lvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. Boima Machine dimela o sebetsang ho Kramatorsk (jarolla ka ho iketsa mola).

Seletsa se phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho hatela pele ka matla tsa saense le theknoloji tsoela pele. Isang likhoebo ho etsa thekenoloji elektronike ka naha e tlhahiso mokgatlo "tšusumetso e tsoang ho" Severodonetsk le "Electronmash" Kiev. A mengata e fapaneng a maqheka motlakase le tse ling tse ka Kiev, Kharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

Temo ho phetha molao feela le boenjiniere ba Ukraine e fana ka lihoai tse sebelisang le thepa e hlokahalang. The likhoebo tsa lefapha la sena ba teng libakeng tse sa tshebediso ya dihlahiswa qetile. literekere e matla manufactures Kharkov terekere Plant. Kirovograd fektheri "Red Star" hlahisa tirila. Beet mohaho ona o mehahong ka Dnipropetrovsk le Ternopil, kopana bakotuli - Kherson ( "Slavutich") 'me Alexandria ( "Lan"), Corn - ka Kherson, mechine phethola mobu - ho Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. Mechanical boenjiniere le bakeng sa liphoofolo tse ruiloeng le furu tlhahiso ea e concentrated Uman, Novograd Volyn, ntle ea boholo-holo ea motse, Coloma, Kereke White.

Shipbuilding ka Ukraine e concentrated ka leoatle kgolo (Black Sea, ho Azov Sea) le noka (leq. Dnipro) likoung. lijana Marine hahiloeng ka Nikolayev le Kherson, noka le leoatle - Kiev. Shipyards ba sebetsa ka Odessa, Mariupol.

Tsamaisa mechine manufactures locomotives le likoloi. Centers ba Lugansk hloohoana, Kharkov (locomotives), Dnipropetrovsk; koloi mohaho ona o - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. Thepa seporo tanka likoloi etsoa Mariupol. Hloohoana Repair Plant sebelisang metseng e meholo ho tsamaisa.

Mechanical boenjiniere le ka maemo a sa nyalano European

Litsebi li bolela esale pele kamoo a ka bytmashinostroenie Ukraine ho ikopanya European. The saeneng tsa Agreement Association pakeng tsa Ukraine le Soviet European fana bakeng sa nolofatsa mosebetsi phallang khoebo pakeng tsa linaha tse ling tse, ho tloha ka la 1 January, 2016. Le ho tloha ka April 2014 selelekela tsa EU dikgethollo unilateral kgwebo ya bakeng sa Ukraine e se tlatselitse ho eketseha ha diyantle tsa lihlahisoa le boenjiniere le phokotso ea ho leka-lekana e mpe ea khoebo ea linaha tse ling le linaha tsa European lihlahisoa boenjiniere le ho phetha molao feela.

Ho ea ka lipalo-palo ho tloha State Statistics Tšebeletso ea Ukraine, kabelo ea boenjiniere le phetha molao ka 2014 e ileng ea 18,3% ya diyantle le 23,8% ya naha ya thepa, 'me bakeng sa lekhetlo la pele likhoeli tse tšeletseng ka 2015, ka ho latellana, 11,7% le 20,8%. Ka 2015 mokhoa ona oa ho fokotsa madi aa ea indasteri ea. Ka nako e tšoanang, palo yohle ya diyantle tsa lihlahisoa le boenjiniere kopanela EU hōla ho tloha 30.4 (2014) ho 43,4% (pele halofo 2015).

Lipalo-palo li le mekhoa

Mokhoa ona oa tsoelo-pele ea boenjiniere le ho phetha molao feela ka Ukraine e bontša hore hase liindasteri kaofela li ikamahanya le maemo ho lintho tsa sebele le lecha moruo. Limmarakeng tsoang linaheng tse ling e moholo tlhokeho litanka, mechine, thepa ea motlakase, reactors nyutlelie. kabelo ea bona palo yohle ka sebōpeho sa diyantle indasteri ho EU ke 40%. Har'a sesame tse khōlō hlaha (2014):

• Hungary (ka ka tjhelete e ya $ limilione tse 270.6).
• Jeremane ($ 239.8 limilione tse).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czech Republic ($ limilione tse 80).

litebello

Ukraine, eo le boenjiniere e ntshetswa pele ka ho lekaneng, e sa ntse ba hloka theknoloji e phahameng mechine, thepa le karolo likarolong tse ling tsa tlhahiso ea lisele. Ho eketseha ha naha ea likoloi, literekere, kopana bakotuli, lisebelisoa ka tlung, mechine e boima. Meqolo kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa lihlahisoa imported ho tloha:

• Jeremane (ka ka tjhelete e ya $ limilione tse 577.9).
• Poland ($ 255.1 limilione tse).
• Italy ($ 160.9 limilione tse).
• Czech Republic ($ 116.8 limilione tse).
• France ($ 101.4 limilione tse).

Itloaetseng ho bontša hore ho saenela tsa Agreement Association e fana ka melemo e fetang likotsi. ntshetsopeleng Ho ekelletsa moo itšetlehile ka hore na ka potlako Engineering Ukraine tla switjha ho tloha sehlooho ho menyetla sehlooho kotsi.

likotsi

A tšitiso bohlokoa ho nyolla molumo 'me ntlafatsa sebopeho sa khoebo letseno bobeli ho indasteri e le boenjiniere ke fumaneha ha ditshita tse botekgeniki ho Trade pakeng tsa Ukraine' me ke balekane tsoang linaheng tse ling. Likotsi tse amanang le monyetla oa ho lahleheloa ke leeme la motho indasteri mochini, haholo-holo ba sebetsang 'marakeng Russia le melawana bona botekgeniki. Haholo-holo ba tlokotsing ba ne ba theknoloji e phahameng indasteri: ka lifofane, indasteri tshireletso, shipbuilding, sebaka morolo.

Industrial likhoebo, lihlahisoa tseo li phahame eketsa boleng, re lokela ho hlaolela bokhoni ba ho arabela ka potlako ho liphetoho ka tikoloho ka ntle, ho bopa dihlahiswa, ditlhoko anticipatory moreki. Sena se ka 'na kenya letsoho hore ho e fetola ea mohlala ea khoebo, fetoheng molaong tshebetso ea mohlala tharolllo taolo ya bothata. Bakeng sa boholo ba lik'hamphani ba tšoauoa ka ea mohlala tenyetsehang hore kopanya le thulaganyo ya sehlooho: sehlahisoa lifecycle taolo ya, ntshetsopele sehlahisoa ncha, taolo ya moreki kamano eo, thekiso le tsamaiso tle le dithulaganyo tšehetsa. Leha ho le joalo, Ukraine Engineering liphetoho tse khōlō. ba ke seo ba - nako e tla bolella.