Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkanes

Methane e le homologs lona bitsoa moedi (phelelang) hydrocarbons paraffinic kapa alkanes. Fetileng-e mong ea bitsoang dintho manyolo (na le kakaretso lik'hemik'hale moralo CnH2n + 2, e bonahatsa ho tlala ea limolek'hule le, liathomo tse amahanngoa ka litlamo covalent e bonolo k'habone-hydrogen kapa k'habone-k'habone) abetsoe ho ya ka Nomenclature International tsa metsoako lik'hemik'hale. Ba na le mehloli e 'meli ka sehloohong: oli jese litheohelang le khase ea tlhaho. Properties tsa alkanes ka letoto homologous le keketseho ea molek'hule nomoro ea liathomo k'habone kamehla fetoha.

Pele litho tse 'nè tsa letoto la lihlooho tse homologous ba histori thehilwe mabitso. Hydrocarbons, ka mor'a bona ba denoted ke lipalo Segerike ipolaea -e leng. The a lekanyelitsoeng ea limolek'hule boima ba mong le e hydrocarbon latellanang fapaneng ho tloha ho e fetileng ke 14 amu thepa ya moaho wa alkanes, tse kang ntlha qhibiliha (solidification) le belisoe (condensation), le segokanyipalo sa le refractive index ea keketseho e le e ntseng e eketseha boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule. Le methane e butane - likhase le pentane ka pentadecane-mokelikeli, lateloa ke -butle e. waxes tsohle ke bobebe ho feta metsi 'me ha a qhala ho eona. Bakeng sa alkanes kenyeletsa:

• CH4 - methane e;
• C2H6 - hlahisoang moo ethane;
• C3H8 - Propane;
• C4H10 - butane;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - octane;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane joalo joalo.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkanes na mosebetsi tlaase. Sena ke ka lebaka la matla a lekanyelitsoeng ba le batho bao e seng Polar C-C le tlaase-C-H litlamo, 'me ho tlala ea limolek'hule le. liathomo kaofela ba amanang ka ho ba se nang balekane σ-litlamo tse thata ho felisa ka lebaka la polarizability bona tlaase. Otlile ba bona ba ka feela ho hlokomela tlas'a maemo a itseng, radicals li thehoa, e leng mabitso a metsoako paraffinic le Phetolo koalo. Mohlala, Propane - propyl (C3H7-), hlahisoang moo ethane - ethyl (C2H5-), methane e - methylene (CH3-) joalo joalo.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkanes re'ng ka inertness tsa metsoako tsena. Ha ba nang le bokhoni a itšoare phaella moo. Tloaelehileng tsa tsena ke sa tloswa itšoara joang. Ho kena moea (combustion e) le hlaha feela hydrocarbons paraffinic ka mocheso phahameng. Ba ka oxidized ho alcohols, aldehydes le acid. Ka lebaka kreginga (thulaganyou e mogote bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa hydrocarbons) alkanes phahame ka mocheso oa 450 ho tse 550 ° C le ka mofuta o ba phelelang ho hydrocarbons ka boima ba 'mele ka tlaase ea limolek'hule. Le keketseho ea ho mogote li bole kapele mocheso o bitsoa pyrolysis.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkanes itshetlehile eseng feela ka palo ea liathomo k'habone ka molek'hule ea, empa hape ka sebopeho sa. paraffins All tloaelehile ka arohane (mong C athomo ka amanang le ha ho na tse fetang tse peli liathomo k'habone) le mot-sebopeho (C athomo ka amanang ho a mane tse ling C-liathomo ka molek'hule ena e na le sebopeho tlhaloganya sebaka). Mohlala, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane na le e tšoanang ea limolek'hule boima le lik'hemik'hale moralo C5H12, empa lik'hemik'hale le thepa 'meleng ba fapana: ntlha qhibilihang ho tloswa 129,7 ° C le ho tloswa 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C phehile le 9,5 ° C, ka ho latellana. Isomers ho le bonolo ho kena lik'hemik'hale ho feta mohaho o tloaelehileng ea hydrocarbons e le palo e tšoanang ea liathomo C.

Tloaelehileng lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alkanes - ka tloswa itšoara joang, tse akarelletsang halogenation kapa sulfonation. Ba itšoara joang ea chloride le parafini ke mochine khōlō tlas'a tšusumetso ea mocheso kapa khanya generated ditlelorine methane e: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane le carbon tetrachloride CCl4. Ha alkanes sulfonation tlas'a UV leseli, chloride sulfonyl ba fumana: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-CL + HCl. dintho tsena li sebelisoa ka ho hlahisoeng surfactant.