Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alcohols

derivatives Hydrocarbon le 'ngoe kapa ho feta liathomo hydrogen ka molek'hule ea, ka go engwa legatong ka -OH sehlopha (sehlopha hydroxyl kapa hydroxy sehlopha), - e alcohols. The thepa lik'hemik'hale e behilweng ke hydrocarbon khōlō le sehlopha hydroxyl. Alcohols theha arohaneng homologous series ho eona moemeli oa e mong le e fapanang latellanang ho tloha setho se fetileng bakeng sa homology phapang ngollana = CH2. dintho tsohle tsa sehlopha sena se ka emeloa ke moralo wa: R-OH. Bakeng sa metsoako monohydric fokotsa kakaretso lik'hemik'hale moralo ke CnH2n + 1OH. Ho ea ka mabitso a machaba nomenclature e ka etsoa ka ho eketsa ka hydrocarbon koalo ol by (methanol, ethanol, propanol, joalo-joalo).

Ena ke sehlopha sa tse fapa-fapaneng haholo le mefuta e sa metsoako lik'hemik'hale. Ho itšetlehile ka palo ea lihlopha tsa -OH ka molek'hule ea, ho e arotsoe mono-, di- le trihydric joalo joalo - polyhydric komponeng. Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea alcohols e boetse e itšetlehile ka diteng tsa lihlopha lihlopha hydroxyl ka molek'hule. thepa tsena ha ba nke lehlakore 'me u se ke ua dissociate ka ions metsing, tse kang acid matla kapa makalana matla. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka ba le e le length of asiti (fokotswa le keketseho palong ea joala boima ea limolek'hule le branching ea ketane hydrocarbon) kapa mantlha (keketseho e le e ntseng e eketseha boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule le branching molek'hule) thepa.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa alcohols itšetleha ka mofuta le tlhaloganya sebaka tokisetso ea liathomo: ke limolek'hule le isomerism ketane le boemo isomers. Ho itšetlehile ka palo e lebetsoeng le la litlamo le 'ngoe ea k'habone athomo (hydroxy sehlopha tlameha ho) le liathomo tse ling tse ka carbon (le 1 st,, 2 kapa 3) khetholla alcohols mathomo (tloaelehile), mahareng kapa e phahameng. alcohols mathomo ba le hydroxyl sehlopha khomaretse ka har'a carbon athomo ka sehloohong. Ho se mahareng le e phahameng - ho se mahareng le phahameng, ka ho latellana. Kaha propanol hlaha isomers hore li fapana ka boemo ba sehlopha hydroxyl: propyl joala C3H7-OH, le CH3- isopropyl joala (CHOH) -CH3.

Hoa hlokahala ho bolela tse seng kae a itšoare tsa sehlooho tseo khethollang le thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa alcohols:

1. Ha ho kopana le lirafshoa a alkali kapa hydroxides (deprotonation karabelong) alcoholates thehoa (athomo hydrogen e nkeloa sebaka ke e athomo tšepe), ho itšetlehile ka hydrocarbon khōlō fumanoa ka methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide joalo joalo, ho etsa mohlala, sodium propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Ha sebelisana le asiti hydrohalic khobokellane thehoa hydrocarbons halogenated: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. itšoara joang Sena ke reversible. Phello ke tloswa nucleophilic tsa halogen Ion, e hydroxyl sehlopha.
3. Alcohols ka oxidized ho carbon dioxide, ho aldehydes kapa ketones ho. Alcohols chesa ka ho ba teng ha oksijene: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea ka matla moemeli oxidizing (acid e chromic, permanganate potassium , joalo-joalo) alcohols mathomo ba fetoloa aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, 'me ea bobeli - ho ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (Cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. Dehydration itsoara joang ka tsoela pele holim 'a futhumatsang ka ho ba teng ha mahlahana ke metsi mmeleng (zinki chloride, acid e sulfuric, joalo-joalo). Sena se hlahisa alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. The esterification itšoara joang hape o tsoela pele holim 'a futhumatsang ka ho ba teng ha ke metsi mmeleng metsoako, empa, ho fapana ho itšoara joang fetileng ka mocheso ka tlaase le ho theha ethers: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Le asiti sulfuric, ba itšoara joang le hlaha ka mekhahlelo e 'meli. Ntlha ea pele, sulfuric acid e Ester Ho thehoa: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, lateloa ke futhumatsang ho 140 ° C le e feteletseng ea joala e thehoa, diethyl (atisa ho bitsoa sebabole) phenylate: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa polyols, ke papiso le thepa ea bona ea nama itšetleha ka mofuta oa hydrocarbon khōlō, eaba ba etsa molek'hule, 'me ka ho hlakileng, palo ea lihlopha tsa hydroxyl ho eona. Mohlala, ethylene glycol CH3OH-CH3OH (belang ntlha 197 ° C), e leng 2 athomo joala ke mokelikeli colorless (a tatso le monate), e leng e tsoakane le H2O, le alcohols tlaase ho boholo tsohle. Ethylene glycol ka homologues a phahameng lona kena liphetoho tsohle bath ya alcohols monohydric. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (belang ntlha 290 ° C) ke moemeli bonolo ba 3 alcohols athomo. Ke teteaneng monate-latsoa mokelikeli, e leng ke a boima ho feta metsi a, empa e tsoakane le ka karo-karolelano leha e le efe. Qhibilihang ka har'a joala. Bakeng sa glycerin le homologues lona ba boetse ba tšoauoa ka ba itšoara joang kaofela ha alcohols monohydric.

Lik'hemik'hale thepa alcohols hlalosa litaelo tsa kopo tsa bona. Di sebelisoa e le mafura a (ethanol kapa butanol, joalo-joalo), jwalo ka solvents ka mefuta e fapaneng ya le liindasteri; e le lintho tse bonahalang e tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea surfactants le detergents; bakeng sa tswakana ea thepa polymeric. Ba bang ba baemeli ba sehlopha sena sa metsoako manyolo ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka lubricants kapa maro a haeteroliki, 'me le bakeng sa tsa tlhahisong ea medicaments le dintho biologically mafolofolo.