Lik'hemik'hale elements fluoro: valence thepa bath

Fluorine (F) - e arabelang ho fetisisa lik'hemik'hale elements le bonolo ka ho fetisisa halogen sehlopha 17 (VIIa) tsa tafole nako le nako. Sena bath fluorine ka lebaka la ho matla a ho hohela dieleketerone (elements fetisisa electronegative) le boholo nyenyane ea liathomo tsa lona.

History of sibolloa

The fluorine-e nang le matsoai fluorspar ne a hlalosoa ka 1529 ke Jeremane ngaka le mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Ho ka etsahala hore acid e hydrofluoric ile la pele o ile a fumana ke sa tsejoeng English glassmaker ka 1720 Ka 1771 ho Sweden setsebi sa k'hemistri Carl Wilhelm Scheele ne a sa jese litheohelang hydrofluoric acid e ha e chesang fluorspar le asiti khobokellane sulfuric ka retort khalase, leo e haholo corroded tlas'a tšusumetso ea sehlahiswa sephetho . Ka hona, ka liteko tsa morago ga moo, likepe li entsoe ka tšepe. Hoo e ka bang acid e anhydrous ile a fumana ka selemo 1809, lilemo tse peli hamorao ho French fisiks André-Marie Ampère nahana hore ena motsoako hydrogen ka elements e sa tsejoeng, analogous chloride, e leng seo e sisintsweng lebitso le ho tswa ho Segerike fluoro φθόριος, «kgoreletsego». Fluorspar reteleha k'halsiamo fluoride.

Fluoride ho lokolloa e 'ngoe ea mathata a maholo rarollehe oa thuto ea k'hemistri inorganic ho fihlela 1886, ha French setsebi sa k'hemistri Anri Muassan e ne e le karolo ea ke electrolysis ea tharollo ea hydrofluoride potassium ka fluoride hydrogen. Bakeng sa eona ka 1906, o ile a fumana Khau ea Nobel. The le bothata ba ho sebetsana le elements ena le thepa nang le chefo e tlatselitse fluorine lieha tsoela pele tšimong ea k'hemistri oa elements ena. Ho fihlela Second Ntoa ea Lefatše e ne e le laboratori ea bohelehele. Joale, leha ho le joalo, ho sebelisa uraniamo hexafluoride ka karohano ya isotopes uraniamo, hammoho le ho eketseha ha khoebo metsoako manyolo tsa elements e, etsa hore ho e le lik'hemik'hale tse tlisa melemo bohlokoa.

ata

The fluorine-e nang le fluorspar (fluorspar, khefi ₂₎ ka lilemo tse makholo 'nile ea sebelisoa ka ts'ebetsong (tlhoekiso moemeli) ka dithulaganyo metallurgical. Matsoai hamorao ipakile e le mohloli oa e elements, e leng ne a boetse a e mong ea bitsoang Fluor. Colorless bonaletsang kristale fluorite tlas'a khanya na le bb type genus. thepa ena e tsejoa e le khanyang.

Fluoro - e elements seo se etsahala linthong tsa tlhaho feela ka sebōpeho sa metsoako ea lona, ntle le bakeng sa tse nyenyane haholo ea bolokolohi elements ka fluorspar, radium pepesehetse mahlaseli a kotsi. The dikahare tsa elements ka karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše e ka bang 0,065%. Motheo fluoride liminerale tse fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ Alf _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, CL]), topaze (Al ₂ Sio ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ le lepidolite.

'Meleng le lik'hemik'hale thepa ea fluorine

Ho wa kamore, fluorine khase ke palo mosehla ka monko o tena. Inhalation la kotsi ea eona. Holim 'a Cooling e ile ea e-mokelikeli mosehla. Ho na le ke e 'ngoe feela e tsitsitseng isotope tsa elements lik'hemik'hale - fluoro-19.

Pele ionization mafolofolo a halogen ke phahameng haholo (402 kcal / Mol), seo e leng molao-motheo mocheso ealogy sebopeho F ⁺ 420 kcal / Mol.

The boholo bo tse nyenyane tsa elements tsa athomo ka amohela chelete bona batlang e le kholo ho pota athomo bohareng ya ho theha e plurality ea mehahong e tsitsitseng, ka mohlala, hexafluorosilicate (SiF ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata le (Alf ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - e elements hore o na le matla ka ho fetisisa oxidizing thepa. Ha ho ntho e meng e sa oxidized fluoride anion, ho fetoha e elements lokolohile, 'me ka lebaka lena ntho e ha se le boemong ba lokolohile ka tlhaho. bath ona fluorine bakeng sa a le lilemo li ho feta 150 sa lumelloe ho fumana hore ke mokhoa lik'hemik'hale efe kapa efe. Sena se ne ho ka khoneha feela ka ho sebelisa electrolysis. Leha ho le joalo, ka 1986 ho setsebi sa k'hemistri American Karl Krayst se buileng ka pele "lik'hemik'hale" ho fluoride. O ile a sebelisa K ₂ MnF _6, le tin pentafluoride (SbF _5), e leng e ka ba fumana ho tswa ho tharollo HF.

Fluoro: valence le ho kena moea boemo

Khetla ka ntle e na le e unpaired elektrone halogens. Ke ke hobane'ng ha e valence tsa fluorine ka metsoako e lekana le e mong. Leha ho le joalo, VIIa sehlopha elements liathomo ka eketsa palo ea dieleketerone ho valency la 7. Boholo fluorine le boemo lona ho kena moea lekanang -1. Elements ke sa khone ho eketsa valence lona khetla, kaha e athomo, offline, d-orbital. Tse ling halogen ntle ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha sona ka ba valence tsa ho fihlela ho 7.

Phahameng ho kena moea bokgoni elements lumella ho fihlela ka ho fetisisa kamoo ho ka khonehang ho kena moea boemo ba likarolo tse ling. Fluoro (valence Ke) ka theha komponeng, e leng ha a eo kapa ka sulphonate leha e le efe: difluoride fumana silevera (AgF _2), cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (ReF ₇₎ pentafluoride bromine (BrF ₅₎ le a iodine litareng e heptafluoride (HAEBA _7).

dikgokelo

Moralo fluorine (F ₂₎ e entsoe ka liathomo tse peli tsa karolo ea e. A ka 'na la kena mabapi le likarolo tse ling tsohle tsa ka ntle tse kang helium le Neon, ya ho theha ionic kapa covalent fluorides. Ba bang ba tšepe tse kang nikele, ka potlako koahetsoe ke mokato oa halogen, ho thibela le puisano e ka ho eketsehileng le elements tšepe. Ba bang ba tšepe tenang tse kang tšepe e le bonolo, koporo, aluminium, kapa Monel (nikele 66% le 31,5% motsoako koporo) ha a itšoara ka thempereichara e tloaelehileng le fluorine. Ho sebetsa le elements ba ka mocheso ho fihlela ho 600 ° C loketse monel; Sintered ea alumina o tsitsitse ho fihlela ho 700 ° C.

oli Fluorocarbon ke lubricants loketse ka ho fetisisa. Elements a leka ka mabifi ka thepa e manyolo (mohlala, rabara, lehong le masela) e le laoloa fluorination tsa metsoako manyolo elemental fluorine feela khoneha ha ho nka mehato e khethehileng.

ho hlahisoeng

Fluorspar ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa fluoride. Ka ho hlahisa fluoride hydrogen (HF) e distilled tloha fluorspar phofshoana e nang le asiti khobokellane sulfuric ka unit trust e etella pele kapa tšepe tse entsweng. Nakong ea distillation thehoa k'halsiamo sulfate (CaSO _4), ke insoluble ka HF. The fluoride hydrogen e fumanweng ka boemo lekaneng anhydrous ke palophatlo distillation ka lijaneng koporo kapa tšepe le bolokoa diselennere tšepe. litšila tloaelehile fluoride hydrogen khoebo tse sulfurous le sulfuric acid e le asiti fluorosilicic (H ₂ SiF ₆₎ thehoa ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha silica ka fluorspar ena. Mesaletsa ea mongobo le ka tlosoa ke electrolysis sebelisa li-electrode polatinamo ke kalafo ka fluorine elemental, kapa ho bokella ba fetang ka matla le ho feta Lewis acid e (karaoke mf _5, moo M - tšepe) tseo ka theha letsoai (H ₃ O) ⁺ (karaoke mf ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ O + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

The fluoride hydrogen le sebelisitsoe ka ba lokisetsa ho ea tse fapa-fapaneng tsa liindasteri manyolo le inorganic metsoako fluorine, mohlala, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ e hiriloe e le electrolyte ka qhibilihisa tsa tšepe aluminium. A tharollo ea fluoride hydrogen khase ka metsing ho boleloa hore acid e hydrofluoric, e khōlō palo tsa tšepe tseo e sebediswa bakeng sa ho hloekisa le ho bentsa khalase kapa fa haze ho mananose lona.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea li-cell mahala ka ho sebedisa mekgwa ya tshebetso electrolytic ka ho ba sieo ha metsi a. Hangata ba ka sebōpeho sa fluoride potassium qhibiliha electrolysis tsa fluoride hydrogen (ka karo-karolelano ea 2.5-5 ho 1) ka thempereichara e ea 30-70, 80-120 kapa 250 ° C. Nakong ea tshebetso dikahare fluoride hydrogen e fokotseha electrolyte le fofomoga qhibiliha ntlha. Ka hona, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho phaella tabeng ea lona e ile ea etsahala tswelela pele. Ka mocheso phahameng electrolyte kamoreng e nkeloa sebaka ha mocheso feta 300 ° C. Fluorine ka ka tsela e sireletsehileng bolokwa le tlas'a khatello ka diselennere celik, haeba silindara belofo ntle le mesaletsa ea lintho tse phelang.

tshebediso ya

Elements e sebelisoa ho hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ya fluoride kang chloride trifluoride (ClF _3), sebabole hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ kapa cobalt trifluoride (CoF _3). Chloride metsoako le cobalt ke tsa bohlokoa mahlahana fluorinating tsa metsoako manyolo. (Ka mehato loketseng ho tse ka ho toba fluorine ka sebelisoa bakeng sa morero ona). Sebabole hexafluoride e sebelisoa e le dielectric gaseous.

The fluorine elemental hlapolotsoe ka naetrojene hangata a leka ho le hydrocarbons ya ho theha e fluorocarbons ngollana ka e le karolo kapa kaofela ha hydrogen e nkeloa sebaka ke halogen. Metsoako sephetho le tloaelo tšoauoa ka botsitso e phahameng, lik'hemik'hale inertness, phahameng motlakase ho hanyetsa, hammoho le ea bohlokoa thepa tse ding 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale.

Fluorination ka boela ka etswa ka ho kalafo ya metsoako manyolo tsa cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃₎ electrolysis kapa ditharollo lona ka fluoride hydrogen anhydrous. dipolasetiki Useful le thepa bao e seng thupa, tse kang polytetrafluoroethylene [(bapisa le ₂ bapisa le _{2): x],} e tsejoang ka mokhoa oa thekiso e Teflon, ya hlahiswa ho tloha hydrocarbons unsaturated fluorinated.

metsoako manyolo tse nang le chloride, bromine kapa a iodine litareng e, se fluorinated ho hlahisa lintho tse kang dichlorodifluoromethane (CL ₂ bapisa le ₂₎ refrigerant, e leng e ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka lihatsetsi ba ntlo le conditioners moea. Kaha chlorofluorocarbons, tse kang dichlorodifluoromethane, li phetha karolo ea mafolofolo depletion tsa lera ozone le tlhahiso ea bona le tšebeliso e ile thibeloa, 'me hona joale ho refrigerant rata e nang le hydrofluorocarbons.

Karolo ea le boetse le sebelisoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa uraniamo hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ sebelisitsoe ka gaseous diffusion tshebetso ya ho arola uraniamo-235 ho tloha uraniamo-238 ka tlhahisong ea mafura a nyutlelie. fluoride haedrojene le boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ di hlahiswa o pharalletse liindasteri, kaha ba etswa ha molemo bakeng sa ho liphetoho alkylation sebediswa ho lokisetsa metsoako ngata manyolo. Sodium fluoride hangata a phaella ka ho metsi a nooang e le hore ho fokotsa ditiragalo tsa caries meno ka bana. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, kopo bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e fumanweng fluoride masimong temo ea meriana le. Khetha tloswa ea fluorine haholo fetola thepa tsa likokoana-hloko tsa dintho.

ho hlahloba

Ho thata ho ka tsela e nepahetseng beha palo ya metsoako ea halogen. Free fluoride, e leng lekanang le valence ea 1, e ka lemoha ka ho kena moea oa mercury Hg + F ₂ → HgF _2, le lekanyang ka ho eketseha ha boima ba 'mele ea mercury le phetoho bophahamo ba modumo ea khase eo. Ka sehloohong boleng tsa liteko bakeng sa ho ba teng ha ions tsa elements e ke:

• kgetho ya fluoride hydrogen tlas'a bohato la acid e sulfuric,
• sebopeho sa e precipitate tsa fluoride k'halsiamo ka ho eketsa k'halsiamo chloride tharollo,
• mosehla discoloration tetraoxide tharollo ea thaethaniamo (Tio ₄₎ le peroxide hydrogen ka acid e sulfuric.

and analysis mekhoa ditirisanommogo:

• pula ea k'halsiamo fluoride ka ho ba teng ha carbonate sodium le sludge kalafo sebelisa acid e acetic,
• wa tsenya chlorofluoride etella pele ka ho eketsa sodium chloride le nitrate loto,
• titration (boikemisetso ba ea mahloriso ea lithethefatsi qhalwa ho ya) ka tharollo ea thorium nitrate (Th [NO _{3] 4)} ho sebelisa sodium alizarinsulfonate ka pontshi: Th (NO _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ eakir ₄ + 4KNO _3.

Covalently bonded fluorine (valence Ke), tse kang fluorocarbons ho sekaseka rarahaneng ho feta. Sena se hloka hore e mabapi le sodium metallic, lateloa ke ho hlahloba ho F ^- ions joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka holimo.

thepa elements

Qetellong re hlahisa ba bang ba thepa ea fluorine:

• Atomic palo: 9.
• Atomic boima: 18,9984.
• Khoneha fluorine valency: 1.
• Qhibiliha ntlha: -219,62 ° C.
• Belang ntlha: -188 ° C.
• Segokanyipalo (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1.696 g, / k.
• Electronic fluorine moralo: 1s bo 2 ^{2 2 5} _2p.