Joang tsamaiso e khopo ho banka ba naha eo: sebopeho, mosebetsi, ntshetsopele

tsamaiso ea banka - sete ya taolo le mokitlane ditheo tse sebetsang tlas'a mochine o le mong feela. A karolo ea bohlokoa ke Banka ea Russia (CBR). Mesebetsi ya sebopeho kaofela e laoloa ke Molao "On Banks le Banking Ketsahalo".

mefuta

Motheo oa tsamaiso ea banka, morero oa pōpo ea lona ke ka ho bokella chelete keketso le tse qotsitsoeng ea phaello ka matsete. Tshebetso ena e etsoa maemong a 'maloa.

Mefuta ea litsamaiso:

• duplex;
• monobankovskaya;
• decentralized tsamaiso.

Ka linaheng tse tsoetseng pele, tsamaiso peli le litekanyetso. E tšoauoa ke boteng ba regulator le ha a tobane le Banka ea Central le ho mamela diinstitusene tsa mokitlane khoebo ka boemong ba bobeli. Empa ho na le ntle le mabaka a. Fora, mosebetsi molaoli eo o etsa Lekala la Lichelete. Tlase ho eena ba tsohle dibanka, ho akarelletsa le Banka ea Central. The US sebetsang ea sona decentralized, eo ho eona mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea ho Federal Reserve System. Linakong tsa Soviet Union o ile monobankovskaya sekemeng. A re bone hore tsamaiso ea banka ya naha kajeno.

regulator

Banka ea Central ea Federation ea Russia o ne a bōpiloe ka mokgwa wa le mokhatlo oa molao, empa ha ho na le taelo e hlomamisitsoeng le ho e sa e laoloa ke ba boholong ba lekhetho. E ka fana ka chelete, hula bona, ho lokolloa banknotes ncha. Phaello mokgatlo o ile a laela hore ho thehoe mehloli, chelete isoa tekanyetsokabo. Mehloli ea chelete:

• dipoelo tse ka likarolo tsa;
• chelete e kenang phaello dikadimo le mobung;
• phaello e tsoang tshebetso le tšepe ea bohlokoa, litokelo tsa e kopanetsoeng, balebedi ba bang, 'me ba bang.

maikemisetso mosebetsi ke ho:

• mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa tsamaiso ea banka;
• etsa bonnete ba itsetsepetse ea chelete ea sechaba (le matla a reka e le hantle e);
• ho etsa bonnete ba sebetsang hantle oona tsamaisong tshebetso.

liletsa:

• ditefello tsa tshebetso Banka ea e Central;
• ditlhoko pokello;
• refinancing;
• phapanyetsano taolo;
• tlwaetso ya kgolo ka chelete.

Tlas'a molao, e leng matla a motse-moholo oa regulator le thepa ea eona le leng ke 'muso thepa. Banka ea Russia feela lahla ba bona ba. The State le Banka ea Central nang le boikarabelo bakeng sa boikarabelo ba e mong le e tse ling.

Setho sa ka holimo-limo ea Banka ea Central - the Board of Directors, e etsang qeto ea hore tataiso ea mokgatlo wa. Ho na le e le molula-setulo 'me litho tse 12 tsa Banka ea Central. Banka ea Republic, e leng ea sebaka regulator makala sitoa ho fana ka e tiisa, ho itlama ka kantle ho tumello ea Board.

Banks ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo: mekhatlo ea khoebo le mekhatlo mokitlane bao e seng banka. Mona 's kamoo ho haha tsamaiso e khopo ho banka ea naha ka boemo ba pele.

le ditheo khoebo

Ka morero oa ho ba teng ya ditheo mokitlane - ke ho fumana phaello. Ho etsa lintho ba lokela ho fumana lengolo la ho tloha regulator ena. diinstitusene tsa joalo ka a bōpa mefuta e fapaneng ya thepa: setjhaba, boinotšing, masepala, joalo-joalo ...

Banks ba le le tokelo ya ho etsa liopereishene tse latelang:

• ho hohela mobung oa batho ka bomong le mekhatlo ea molao;
• abelwang karolo ya chelete lebitsong tsa lona;
• ho etsa ditefello tse lebitsong la batho ba boraro;
• le phethe tšebeletso ea pokello;
• ho fumana;
• bula le ho boloka litlaleho tse;
• fana ka e tiisa le joalo-joalo. d '.

Banks ka alima ho tswa ho e mong le e tse ling tse, phetha dipalelo ka litlaleho tse tsamaisanang le ho liha ditransekshene tse sa hohlaneng le molao. diinstitusene tsa mokitlane lefatšeng ka bophara ba itokiselitse ho fana ka bareki ba rona mabapi le mefuta e 200 ea litšebeletso. Empa Molao "On Banks le Banking Ketsahalo" behilweng ya thibelo ba bane ba bona: khoebo, indasteri, inshorense, fehlweng. Tlas'a bobeli o bua ka tshebetso ikemiseditse ho e thibelang tlhōlisano.

A setheo mokitlane ke ke ka boeona e fetola ditefello tse dikadimo, mobung, nako ya konteraka ya. Ka chelete le boleng moreki ka nkoa ho eena ka lekhotleng. Likotlo tse entsoeng feela motheong oa litokomane phethahatso, le nkoa ka mahahapa - motheong seo ka sona se ile sa kena lebotho la ba lekhotla qeto.

nonbanks

Sena diinstitusene tsa mokitlane e ka phetha mefuta e itseng ea tshebetso. Tsena li akarelletsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa:

• dikadimo e ikhethang;

• ho boloka melao ea boitšoaro;

• ho rekisa thepa mortgaged.

Araba potso ea kamoo ho ka haha tsamaiso e khopo ho banka naha kajeno, re ka bolela hore ho na le maemo a mararo. Ho phaella ho Banka ea Central le le ditheo khoebo ka kabobotjha ha matlotlo amehang lik'hamphani inshorense, le dipeeletso tsa le penshene chelete, tse ling diinstitusene tsa lichelete. Mona 's kamoo ho haha tsamaiso e khopo ho banka ba naha eo.

melao-motheo ea mosebetsi

1. Ho sebetsa ka hare ho mehlodi ya le teng, ehlile. Interest chelete e kenang ka dikadimo le mobung o ka sehloohong empa e se bona feela mohloli oa phaello banka. Ka tikoloho inflationary, sebaka ho fetisisa chelete e ngata ke khoebo maraka setokong. Banka motse-moholo khothalletsa khopolo-taba. Maemong a joalo, thero e etsoa ka lebaka la chelete sebele tsosoa.
2. Boikarabelo ba tshebetso. Tsamaiso ea banka ka moruo e na le ho etsa mosebetsi o bohlokoa - ho redistribute chelete pakeng tsa mafapha. diinstitusene tsa mokitlane na le bolokolohi ba ho khetha bareki bona le libakeng tse dipeeletso. Empa bohle dibanka kopana boikarabelo nahana ka bona, o ka behilweng ya kotlo.
3. Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa likamano tsa moreki ka maemo a 'maraka. Fanang ka dikadimo, Banka ea tataisoang ke litsupa ya tsa kontane, le dipoelo le kotsing.
4. Molao oa tsamaiso ea mesebetsi ea etsoa feela ka mekhoa e sa tobang. State le semolao liketso theha motheong oa tshebetso, empa ba ke ke ba laela mantsoe le mesebetsi.

Banka le tsamaiso lichelete kajeno

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mekgatlo mokitlane le tšekamelo ea ho bulehileng. Hlahisang theknoloji e morao-rao (mekgwa ya tefo ya banka, likarete tsa ho reka ka mokitlane, banka ya sedirelwa-sa t. H.), mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ha dikadimo. Empa ka ho ya moruo boemo ba ntshetsopeleng ya tsamaiso e Russia lags morao lefatše.

Ka sebopeho sa lik'hamphani le dipeeletso tsa Mohloli kopanela e nyenyane ea dikadimo - 8-10% (Japan - 65%, EU - 42-45%, USA - 40%). litlaleho tse banka tse 25% ba Russia, le karete ea polasetiki sebedisa 10 feela%. Linaheng tse ka bophirimela, hoo e batlang e le baahi bohle ba lilemo li fetang 18 e na le tlaleho e itseng, 'me likarete tsa mokitlane 1-2.

Potso ho tlala sebakeng ntse ditshebeletso hlobaetsang. Ka sehloohong Russia oona tsamaisong banka e concentrated libakeng tse motse-moholo. Ho fumana ntlo kapa ya madi a kadimo koloi likarolong tse ka leboea le e ka boroa ea naha ka feela boemo-o ne a ena dibanka.

Mabaka a boemo ba ka tlaase tsa ntshetsopele ya tsamaiso ke tse latelang:

• mmuso ha ba ele hloko haholo ho ya mokga ona;
• boemo ba tlaase ba monetization tsa moruo;
• tsa dibopeho tsa motheo empa mafutsana ya ditshebeletso banka;
• karolo e kgolo ya ditefello tse tjhelete tse etsoang ka ntle ho tsamaiso ea banka;
• ho haella ha tšireletso ea ka ho lekaneng ho tloha boemong ba ho.

"Bankopad» 2015

National Bank System ka tsa 01.01.2016 se akarelletsa 681 setheo mokitlane. Ngolisitsoeng mekhatlo 947, empa 266 ba bona ba hlakoloa lakesense. Ha ho bapisoa le ka 2015, palo ea libanka ile fokotswa ho diyuniti 102. Bahlahlobisisi ba bolela esale pele hore ka mor'a lilemo tse 2-3 palo ena e tla tlohele ho 500.

Ho sa tsotellehe bothata bona, tekanyo ea 'ho hloekisa' lefapha la ha ba itihela. The loudest selemong se fetileng e ne e le ho hlahloba lengolo le ka "Transport" ka bao e seng ho latelwa le melao 'muso. Moqolo oa ditefello tse dia e hakanyetsoa ho ba le tlaleho ea limilione tse likete tse 39 li-ruble.

palo ea libanka Russia feta litlhoko tsa moruo naha. Hoo e ka bang 96% ea liketso tse naheng li matlafaditswe mekhatlo hodimo 200. Kabelo ea mekhatlo tse nyenyane ke ntse 481 oela 3,5% ha thepa. Hafeela maemo a moruo ha e ntlafatsa, ha e le mabopong a nyane tla ba le mathata a amanang le tsa kontane le ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha litekanyetso tsa hae. Options ho rarolla tse peli feela: ho rekisa thepa kapa tlohela bakeng sa reorganize.

Ho thata ho fumana batsetedi

Banks lakatsa ho lula 'marakeng, a mangata. Hammoho le bareki. Bothata ke hore theko ea pono ea bobeli fapana. Ka mor'a ho kena palo ea kongei batsetedi Bophirimela lula fokotseha. Hona joale ba batla ho sebedisanwang bo Hare le Bochabela bo Hōle limmaraka.

Mosebetsi ea tsamaiso ea banka e ka 'na e-ba ditshenyehelo ya ditheo 300. Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa la bone ka boemong ba ba makholo ba isitsoeng kholehong, ba sebeletsa feela palo ea likhoebo. Le faotsoeng ba sa kopanela mesebetsi banka.

Results ea 2015

All selemong se fetileng, libanka 'nile ba leka ho boloka le dipoelo. Empa eseng kaofela ha ba atleha. Esita le libapali tse khōlō 'marakeng li bontšitse ka ho lahleheloa ke rekoto. Hafeela baahi ba e hlahlobisise hore na ho phetha mobung ka chelete Banka ya (pele ho phetoho li-ruble tsa liranta), mekgatlo mokitlane le mathata tsa kontane.

Mabapi le ho putlama ha ruble, e leng le photefolio kadimomadi fokotseha ka 0.7% ya ke kotara ea 2015, ho mehloli - ka 7,6%, phaello ea e-ba e leng kakaretso ea li-ruble tse limilione tse likete 6. Pholosang bophelo le akhotsoa Banka ea Central, e hlahiswa ea liphallelo taolo. Ka lebaka leo, karolo ea regulator ho bolela ka melato dibanka 'qetellong ea April fihla rekoto phahameng - 10.4%. Setheo theha kabelo bakeng dikadimo restructured ka morero o khethehileng.

Tekanyo ea bobeli ea tšehetso - eketsehileng capitalization tsa libanka ke li-ruble tse limilione tse likete 830. OFZ sekemeng. lenaneo sebelelitseng feela halofo ea bobeli ea selemo, kahoo katleho lona e hlile a ka feela ho hlahlojoa ho ea qetellong ea 2016-go th. Empa Infusion lumelloa libanka ho boloka dikabo motse-moholo adequacy le ho boele u mehloli ea boemo ba pele. Lefa bakeng sa tšehetso e neng e le boitlamo ba sa ho eketsa litšenyehelo tsa ho FOP le ho fokotsa dipoelo tse lilemo tse tharo. liketso tsa CB thusa eketsa karolo ea dikadimo ke 0.7%, mobung - ka 10,9% le rua molemo limilione tse likete tse 265 li-ruble.

The mathata a ka sehloohong a 2015

Ba ka sehloohong le bothata - fokotsa moreki mo alimang ke 12% bapisoa le kgolo ya selemong sa eona sa ho qetela ea 8,9%. Ka lebaka leo, ka lenyele sehlopha sa libanka tse khethehileng feela ka dikadimo unsecured. Thupeng 6 diinstitusene tsa kholo ka ho fetisisa e ileng ea 10% ya mokitlane mabenkele le 20% ya dikadimo bobe. bothata thepa bona pontshi (15%) ka makhetlo a 2 kholoanyane ho feta karolelano tsamaisong ea (9%). Ho tsosolosa maemo a libanka tla tlameha ho refocus ka phano ya ditshebeletso bokahohleng.

Sa lebelloang tšitiso e ne e boetse ho putlama ha khampani "Transaero", e bokeletseng li-ruble tse limilione tse likete tse 250 ba ikentse likolotong. mathata a lona a bua leshano ka mahetleng a Bakalimane bao tahlehelo tabeng ea licheleteng tsa moea microcyteme tla etsa limilione tse likete li-ruble. Defaults ka lefapha la khompani lebeletsoe ka 2016. mafapheng 'ohle a moruo a utloa bohloko ho tswa ho ya tlhokeho tlaase. Le tšepa ho tsosolosoeng ha lona ka 2016, hoo e batlang e ha.