The Federal Reserve System

The Reserve Federal (fepa), e thehilweng ka 1913, ke ka kutloisiso ea mokgatlo e sa tloaelehang a puso le ikemetseng diinstitusene tsa banka.

E le tsamaiso e bohareng banka ka taolo ya mesebetsi ho banka United States, ho ile ha bōptjoa haholo-holo ka lebaka la e le letoto la tlala tsabo banka ka mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, haholo-holo ka bothata bo tebileng boo ka 1907. Ha nako e ntse, e atolositsoeng ea mesebetsi le boikarabelo, mohaho o ba bile teng ba. Lintho tse ling li, haholo-holo ho Hoholo ha Moruo, ne mabaka a ileng a lebisa ho liphetoho hae.

Fepa histori e na le tšimoloho ka ditheo tsa lichelete le ho reka ka mokitlane, hlophisitse ho tloha lekholong la bo18 la lilemo morao le ho phetha mesebetsi ya banka bohareng. Sena molao wa motheo khauta maemo a, oa Pele le oa Bobeli e Banka US kobosana tsa polokelo ea matlotlo, ba National System Banking, Mokhatlo oa tlosa Houses, ea National Reserve Association. Bank United States e ne e se bonolo, kapa ho ena, ke keng ea tšeptjoa. E le mabopong a pele le la bobeli ke moemeli ea molao ea polokelo ea matlotlo US, manufactures le lula chelete molao. likarolo tse ling tsohle e neng e le tlas'a taolo ea 'muso leha e le ofe, kapa ke batho ba boraro. E mong le e banka o ile a ntša banknotes lona. diinstitusene tsa mmuso le ya poraefete ho phehisana le mong ho e mong. Batho ba neng ba tsamaea ho potoloha le naha, ba ne ba sa tsebe hantle hore na e ngata chelete ba ne ba ka fumana ho tswa bankeng efe kapa efe, ke sebakeng se itseng. Nang le baahi ho hōla, mosebetsi e khōloanyane moruo dibanka, le mefuta e mengata ea chelete o ile a feta pherekano e bang kotsing kaofela oona tsamaisong ea lichelete.

Ka1863, Congress feta molao pele ka Banka ea National, National Banks fana tsamaiso laoloa, ne ho finyella litekanyetso phahame bakeng sa mehloli le mekhoa ea khoebo e feta ka libanka boemo-o ne a ena. Molao theha melao-motheo ea tshebetso, ho ea ka bona o ne a ikemiselitse ke kamoo motse-moholo dibanka ka lahla, le hore na ba lokela ho laola dikadimo. Ho phaella moo, 'muso o re molao o behilweng ya lekhetho ba etsang liphesente tse leshome, kahoo ka katleho felisa chelete bao e seng' muso ho tloha ajoa.

The Federal Reserve System, e ngotsoeng ka Federal Reserve Molao, e leng o ile a tla sebetsa ho December 1913, 'me a na le morero o mong ntle ho e le karabelo ho tlala tšabo banka. Har'a ea bohlokoa: ho etsa bonnete ba ka chelete e tsitsitseng, 'me ka tsela e itekanetseng ka nako e telele sekgahla sa tswala, ho theha taolo e sebetsang hantle ka mosebetsi oa ho banka United States. Poleloana e reng " 'muso" le bolela hore molao o sebelisoa ho pholletsa le naha, "Reserve" e hatisa karolo ea tokisetso e ncha ka pane ea pokello. The US bohareng banka, ba Reserve Federal etsang mesebetsi ho ea ka molao ho amoheloang ke Mopresidente Woodrow Wilson, ke 'mele matla a ho fana ka banknotes fepa le Federal Reserve Banka e le bonolo ka molao. banka efe kapa efe, e sebelisa lentsoe "sechaba" e lokela ho ba setho sa Reserve Federal.

sebopeho fepa akarelletsa Board of Governors le hlooho le batlatsi ba hae, ba e kgethilweng ho ba Mopresidente US le tiisoa ke Senate, ea Federal Komiti Open Market, ba 12 lebatowa Federal Reserve dibanka, e mengata dibanka poraefete, mefuta e fapaneng ya mapolanka ka boeletsi. Ka lebaka leo, ho Reserve Federal US Ho akarelletsa karolo poraefete le setjhaba. Ho ne a etselitsoe ho sebeletsa lithahasello tsa mekhatlo e mmuso le ya poraefete. tsamaiso ea libanka bohareng e nkoa e le mohaho o ikhethang.

Lekhotla Sehlopha basekaseki mosebetsi oa 12 Federal Reserve Bank, 'maloa tsa lichelete-mokitlane le likomiti mosebedisi ka boeletsi le likete dibanka (fepa bahlanka ba). Ho theha meeli e bonyane ba mehloli bakeng sa libanka tsohle, ka mantsoe a mang, ho ea etsang qeto kamoo motse-moholo oa banka e ka ba le "matsoho ka". The Reserve Federal ho nkoa e ikemetseng bohareng sebopeho banka kaha leano la eona ha ea lokela ho amohelwa ke mopresidente le sa phethahatso e meng kapa molao oa lekala. Leha 'muso o fana ka ba bang e laola fepa, e leng ka ho khetha le ho beha moputso bakeng sa basebetsi godimo-boemo ba tsamaisong ea.