Ho na le limela life? Lihlopha tsa limela tse lenngoeng ke life?

Tlhaho e fapane haholo, ho na le mefuta e limilione ea mefuta eohle ea libōpuoa tse phelang likarolong tse sa tšoaneng tsa lefats'e. Ho ea ka taelo ea lekhetho, kaofela ha bona ba arotsoe ka mebuso e 'meli: noncellular le cellular. Ea pele ke likokoana-hloko feela, 'me sehlopha sa bobeli, se kopanya libaka tse peli: prokaryotes (libōpuoa tseo lisele tsa tsona li se nang li-nuclei, e leng, archea le libaktheria), hammoho le eukaryotes (nucleus e teng). Liphoofolo tsa moetlo le lipalesa ke tsa mofuta oa bobeli. Li-Eukaryotine li arotsoe ka mebuso e mehlano: li-chromite, baetsi ba litšoantšo, liphoofolo, li-fungus le limela. Ke mabapi le ho qetela ho tla tšohloa sehloohong sena.

Karolo ea limela

Kantle ho bona ho ke ke ha khoneha ho nahana ka bophelo lefatšeng. Limela li etsa mosebetsi oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - photosynthesis, eo oksijene e lokolloang ho eona. Ke ka lebaka la libōpuoa tsena tsa lefats'e tse sepakapakeng tsa lefats'e li se li ntse li tseba joale - li na le oksijene e phahameng le bolo ea ozone e sireletsang liphellong tse kotsi tsa mahlaseli a kotsi.

Li boetse li sebeletsa e le mohloli oa bohlokoa oa lintho tse phelang. Limela li ka boleloa ho "fepa" lefats'e lohle, hobane ka moketeng leha e le ofe oa lijo ke li-link tsa pele.

Lintlha tsa saense

E mong le e mong o thahasella ho tseba hore na limela ke eng, kahoo a re qale ka ho hlahloba lihlopha tsa bona tsa saense.

Kaofela ha tsona li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo: tse phahameng le tse tlaase. Ea ho qetela e kenyelletsa algae (likarohano tse 'nè: bofubelu, bo sootho, bo botala le botala bo botala). Limela tse phahameng li kenyeletsa likarohano tse tšeletseng: liphahlo, lipere, li-mossy, li-fern-like, li-gymnosperm le li-angiosperms (lipalesa). Kemiso ea limela ke ka tsela e latelang: lefapha-lekala - taelo-ea lelapa-ea mefuta-futa.

Histori ea ho ithuta limela

Ke limela life tse ka bang teng, ho tloha linakong tsa boholo-holo, tse thahasellang batho ba bangata - bo-rasaense le libopeho feela tsa botsitso.

Ho bitsoa "ntate oa botanyane" ho loketse hore ebe ke setsebi sa boholo-holo sa Mogerike Theophrastus, ea neng a lula 370-285. BC. E. E ne e le e mong oa ba pele ba ileng ba qala ho hlahloba hore na limela ke life. O ba aroletse ka lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng ka ponahalo, nako ea lipalesa, joalo-joalo.

Hape, thuto e khōlō e amanang le limela e ne e etsoa ke rasaense oa boholo-holo oa Moroma Dioscorides. O phetse lekholong la pele la lilemo BC. E. O na le mosebetsi oo ho oona ho hlalosoang limela tse ka bang makholo a tšeletseng a meriana.

Rasaense ea ileng a etsa sehlopha sa pele sa lintho tsohle tse phelang e ne e le Carl Linnaeus. Bophelo ba hae bo bile teng ho tloha ka 1708 ho isa ho 1778. Mosebetsing oa hae "Systems of Nature" ho boetse ho na le lisebelisoa tsa hore na limela ke eng. O ile a hlophisa lipalesa ka palo ea limela tse ho tsona.

Mofuputsi e mong ea hlaheletseng ea ileng a etsa mesebetsi ea hae ho ithuta limela, e ne e le Augustin Piram Deandol (1778-1841). O na le mosebetsi "Tlhaloso ea mohloli oa tlhaho ea 'muso oa meroho", e hlalosang mefuta e ka bang likete tse 60 tse fapaneng.

Adolphe Heinrich Gustav Engler (1844-1930) o ile a boela a kenya letsoho haholo ho saense, o ne a kopanela ntlafatsong ea limela. O na le mesebetsi e kang "Lenaneo la Tlhaho la Malapa a Temo", "'Muso oa Meroho", "Lenaneo la Malapa a Limela Tsa Lipalesa", a ileng a thehoa hammoho le limela tse ling tsa limela. Ba tseba hantle hore na ke lihlopha tsa limela tse teng. Ho phaella ho lihlopha, Engler o ile a boela a kopanela phytogeography. Mesebetsi ea hae e tsejoang lekaleng lena ke "Meroho ea Lefatše" ka meqolo e leshome le metso e mehlano le "Lefatše la Limela tsa Afrika Bochabela le Libakeng Tse Haufi".

Tse ling ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa limela

Lefapha le leng le le leng la limela le arotsoe likarolong. Sebōpeho se setle se na le lebitso le le leng feela. Sehlopha sa horsetail se kenyelletsa horsetail. Li-bryophyte li arotsoe ka sphagnum, stalk-stalk, andreev, polytrichovye, tetraphic, le takiakievye. Lefapha la mofuta oa fern le kenyeletsa sehlopha se tšoanang, hammoho le salvinium le psilotoid. Li-gymnosperms li kopanya ginkgo e bōpehileng joaloka, sagovnikovye, yintovidnye le coniferous kapa phaene.

Lihlopha tsa limela tse lipalesa: li-dicots le monocots. Sena se akarelletsa boholo ba baemeli ba limela. Sehlopha sa pele se kenyelletsa li-legumes, rosaceous, birch, lemon, mokopu, melomo, sekhele le malapa a mang a mangata. Lekhahla la bobeli, orchid, lijo-thollo, banana, onion, iris, palema le tse ling.

Kemiso ea limela ho ea ka sebopeho sa limela tsa tsona

Nakong e fetileng, ho latela molao-motheo ona, lihlopha tse tharo li ne li khetholloa: joang, lihlahla le lifate. Hona joale ho tloaelehile ho arola limela ka mefuta e supileng ea bophelo. Limela tsena, li-succulent (tse nang le metsoako e mengata, e nang le metsi a mangata, sena se kenyelletsa cacti, lekhala, khalala, agave le tse ling), liana, lihlahla, lihlahla tse halofo, lifate.

Litsela tse ling tsa ho khetholla limela

Li ka boela tsa aroloa ka setso, ho hlaha-lema le mofoka. Ea pele - limela tse hōlileng ke motho bakeng sa merero e tobileng, li ka boela tsa hlophisoa. Mofuputsi ea tsebahalang N.I. Vavilov o ngotse ka lihlopha life tsa ho lema limela moo. Taba ena e thahasellisa ho ba bang ba bangata. Limela tse lengoang li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse leshome le metso e meraro. Ba tla tšohloa ka tlase.

Kahoo, ke lihlopha life tsa limela tse lengoang li teng?

• Inulphoned. Limela tse na le polysaccharide e bitsoang "inulin." Sesebelisoa sena se sebelisoa meriana, hape se sebelisoa e le moemeli oa tsoekere bakeng sa diabetics. Sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa dahlias, chicory, artichoke ea Jerusalema.
• Oli e mafura. Tsena ke limela tse sebelisoang ho hlahisa oli tse sa tšoaneng. Sena se kenyelletsa soneblomo, sesame, rapeseed, safi, joalo-joalo.
• Mokhoa o nepahetseng: litholoana tse monate, lifate tse thata le peo ea peo. Sehlopha sena se kopanya lipere, liapole, plums, apricots, morara, currants, hazel, cherries, lifate, joalo-joalo.
• Liprotheine. Limela tse na le liprotheine tse ngata tse nang le litholoana. Tsena ke li-soya, lierekisi, linaoa, lupins, linaoa tse ling.
• Ho jara setsi. Ntlha ea pele, tsena ke litapole, poone, oats, koro, buckwheat, raese, nyalothe, rye, mabele, li-samate, litapole.
• E khotsofatsa. Limela tse sebelisetsoang tlhahiso ea lintja. Ke li-k'hothone, li-hemp, folaxe, jute.
• Tlisetso ea tsoekere. Sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa lehlaka le li-beet feela.
• Meroho. Ena ke langa le le lej, likomkomere, mokopu, eggplant, pepere, k'habeche, lihoete, radish, celery, parsley, konofolo, eiee, li-eggplant le tse ling tse ngata.
• E khothatsang le lithethefatsi. Ena ke tee, kofi, cocoa, koae, poppy le ho feta.
• Furu. Sena se akarelletsa clover, turnip, turnip, rutabaga, alfalfa.
• Ho jara meroho. Sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa hevea, lengana, dandelion, spurge.
• Wood theknoloji le meriana. Sena se akarelletsa li-eucalyptus, cinchona, bamboo.
• Ho khabisa. Sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa ficus, lirosa, maple, mefuta e meng ea li-fern le liphaphatha, 'me mona u ka boela ua kenyelletsa menyako ea ntlo.

Ho na le mefuta efe ea limela, u ka ithuta ho eketsehileng ho tsoa ho Zhukovsky PM "Lits'oetlo tsa setso le beng ka bona", tse ngotsoeng ka 1964.