Ho itlelang feela phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso: tlhophiso, bakang, mehlala

Se bitsoang itlelang feela phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso? Ha phetiso poleloana e reng ka puo le teng, e le liphoso tsa tlhaho li etsahala ka nako ya sebelisana boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso ho tloha tikoloho ya ka hare le / kapa kantle. liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tse joalo hangata ka phoso. Di hlokomela ka ho kopanela liphate, 'me ka lisele tse ling tsa' mele.

Exogenous baka liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso

liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela ka etsahala tlas'a tšusumetso ea lik'hemik'hale, mahlaseli a kotsi, tlas'a bohato la thempereichara e phahameng kapa tlaase, moea tšesaane kapa khatello e phahameng.

Selemo le selemo, motho feela ea tloaelehileng o chesa hoo e ka bang karolo ea leshome thabela ho ionizing mahlaseli eo ke karolo ea mokhoa oa tlhaho semelo sa mahlaseli. nomoro sena se akarelletsa ea gamma mahlaseli lefatšeng konokono, moea ke letsatsi, likarolo ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi, ho bua leshano ka botenya ba karolong e ka holimo 'me qhalwa ho ya ka sepakapakeng. The lethal dose sephetho hape e itšetlehile ka moo ke batho. A kotara tsohle phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela etsahala ke molato oa ntlha e ena.

Mahlaseli mahlaseli, ho fapana le maikutlo a atileng, e phetha nyenyane karolo ea ka ho etsa hore DNA senya, ha e ntse e ke ke phunyeletse ho teba ka ho lekaneng ka 'mele oa motho. Empa letlalo hangata e le bothata ba ho insolation feteletseng (melanoma le kankere tse ling). Leha ho le joalo, lintho tse phelang le 'ngoe-e nang le sele le likokoana-hloko mutate ha pepesehetse mahlaseli a letsatsi.

Haholo thempereichara e phahameng kapa tlaase haholo ho ka etsa hore liphetoho tse ka lintho tse bonahalang tse liphatsa tsa lefutso.

E se nang sesosa baka liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso

Mabaka a ka sehloohong e loketseng ho tse ka phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela e ka ba teng, ho na le mabaka e se nang sesosa. Tsena li akarelletsa lehlakoreng-lihlahisoa tsa metabolism, liphoso nakong boikatiso, ho lokisa le ho recombination, 'me ba bang.

1. Ho hlōleha ka ho ikatisa:
   - ho fetoha ho itlelang feela le inversions makalana nitrogenous;
   - lokang kenyeletswa ha nucleotides tsa liphoso DNA polymerases;
   - lik'hemik'hale tloswa ea nucleotides, tse kang guanine-cytosine ho adenine-guanine.
2. Phoso e tsosolosa:
   - liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa ho lokisa tsa dikarolo tsa motho tsa DNA Strand mor'a khefu bona tlas'a tšusumetso ea lintlha kantle.
3. Mathata le recombination ho:
   - hlōleha phetoho thulaganyou e nakong lebaka meiosis le mitosis ka pula 'me katoloso e tsoang makalana ka.

Tsena ke lintlha tse khōlō ho etsa hore liphetoho tse bang teng ho itlelang feela. Lisosa tsa ho hloleha ho ka ba ho ebe o kenya tshebetsong liphatsa tsa lefutso mutator hammoho le tšokoloho ea ka metsoako lik'hemik'hale sireletsehileng ka metabolites a sebetsang a feta tse amang sele khubu. Ho phaella moo, ho na le boetse ho na le mabaka a mehaho. Tsena li akarelletsa repetitive nucleotide tatellanong haufi oa potoloho saeteng phetoho, boteng ba libaka tse eketsehileng DNA tse tšoanang ka sebopeho ho liphatsa tsa lefutso e, hammoho le likarolo e etsoang ka mechine ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e.

pathogenesis liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso

Ho itlelang feela phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le hlaha ka lebaka la sephetho sa lintlha tsena tsohle tse amang, hammoho kapa ka thoko ka nako e itseng ea bophelo ba ka seleng. Ho na le ke ketsahalo jwalo ka ho fallela ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo tlōla ka tlaasana le DNA palesa mè. Ka lebaka leo, hangata ha thehoa ho tswa ho loops peptide, e khone ho lekaneng kenyeletsa ka tatelano ea. Ka mor'a ho tlosa likarolo tse ling tse sa hlokahaleng ea DNA ketane tlaasana loops ka bobeli resected (hlakolwa) le kopantswe (duplications, insertions). liphetoho loha ba tsitsitseng lipotolohong tse latelang tsa karohano seleng.

Lebelo le nomoro ea liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ke itšetlehile ka sebopeho ka sehloohong oa DNA. Ba bang ba bo-rasaense ba lumela hore ho ke ke ka ho feletseng ho DNA li latellanang ka eona kaofela mutagenic ha ba theha bends.

The atileng ka ho fetisisa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela

Seo e hangata ka ho fetisisa o ile a bontša ka lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela? Mehlala ea maemo a joalo - ho lahleheloa ke makalana nitrogenous le hlakola-amino acid. Haholo-holo nahanela ba li nkoa ho litlhaka kahare cytosine.

E paka hore kajeno ho feta halofo ea vertebrates na le phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa litlhaka kahare cytosine. Mora deamination methylcytosine e fetohile ho thymine. Latela-up of Karolong ena pheta taba ka ho phoso kapa e phumula kapa menahanya le mutates ho sekhechana se secha.

sesosa e 'ngoe ea khafetsa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela ho nkoa e palo e kholo ea pseudogenes. Ka lebaka la sena, ba ntse ba tsoela meiosis ka thehoa sa lekaneng homologous recombination. Sena se fella ka phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa chenchana ka bomong le tatellanong palopedi nucleotide.

Polymerase ea mohlala mutagenesis

Ho ea ka ea mohlala ena, liphetoho tse bang teng ho itlelang feela li ka lebaka la tšohanyetso liphoso limolek'hule, synthesizing DNA. Ka lekhetlo la pele ea mohlala ena e se e hlahisoa ke Bresler. O etsa tlhahiso ea hore liphetoho tse bang teng li etsahala ka lebaka la ha e le hantle hore maemong a mang, ho polymerase e kenngoa ka tatelano ya nucleotides nekomplimentarnye.

Lilemo hamorao, ka mor'a liteko telele le liteko, pono ena e se e amohetswe 'me a amohela ka lefatše saense. Ho na le ba ne ba esita le tlosoa melao itseng hore lumella bo-rasaense ba ho laola le ho liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso e tobileng ka ho ho pepesehela mahlaseli DNA likarolo itseng. Ho joalo, ho etsa mohlala, ho fumanoe hore ka pel'a triplet senyehileng hangata e hahiloeng adenine.

Tautomeric ea mohlala mutagenesis

khopolo e 'ngoe e hlalosang ho itlelang feela le maiketsetso phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso e ile sisintsweng ke Watson le Crick (discoverers ya sebopeho sa DNA). Ba etsa tlhahiso ea hore mutagenesis thehiloeng bokhoni ba bang botlaaseng DNA sokolohela diforomo le tautomeric, ho fetola makalana mabapi mokhoa.

Latelang phatlalatso ya khopolo e se e ka mafolofolo pele. liforomo o mocha oa nucleotides ne lemoha mora ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo le khanya mahlaseli. Sena se ile sa bo-rasaense ba menyetla ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ncha. saense ea kajeno e ntse e bua ka karolo e phethoang ke mefuta tautomeric ka mutagenesis itlelang feela le tshusumetso lona ka palo ea liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso lemoha.

dikai tse ling

Ho itlelang feela phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso li ka ba khahlanong le ho amohelwa ha DNA polymerase acid nucleic. Poltaevym et al a ile a hlakisa mochine hore enforces complementarity molao-motheo o ka tswakana ea DNA limolek'hule ka tiasa yona. ea mohlala Sena se ile sa re ho ithuta mekhoa ea liketsahalo tsa mutagenesis itlelang feela. bafuputsi o ile a hlalosa sibolloa bona hore lebaka le ka sehloohong bakeng sa ho fetola sebōpeho sa DNA tswakana ke bao e seng tsa mangolo a halalelang botlaaseng lipara.

Ba etsa tlhahiso ea hore lebaka le tjhajolla le hlaha ka lebaka la ho deamination ea DNA. Sena se etsa ho fetola cytosine ho thymine kapa uracil. Ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng tsena di thehoa para ea nucleotides lumellane. Ka lebaka leo, nakong ea boikatiso tlang ho etsahala ho fetoha (letheba Phetolo nucleobases).

Classification ba liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso: itlelang feela

Ho na le classifications e fapaneng ya liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itšetlehile ka ea mofuta ofe criterion larileng ka liboto tsa bona. Ho na le ke ho makala a tlhaku e Fetola phatsa ea lefutso mosebetsi:

- hypomorphic (mutated alleles synthesize tlase protheine, empa ba tšoana le ea pele);
- amorphous (phatsa ea lefutso ka ho feletseng lahlehile mosebetsi lona);
- antimorfnye (mutated phatsa ea lefutso reverses pontšo ea ho ba e);
- neomorfnye (ho na le makgetha a ho le lecha).

Empa tlhophiso tloaeleha haholoanyane eo arola liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsohle lekana le mohaho o polygonal. hlaheletseng:

1. Genomic liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso. Tsena li akarelletsa polyploidy, ke hore, sebopeho sa liphatsa tsa lefutso sa ka a mararo le sete ya chromosomes, le aneuploidy - palo ea chromosomes ka liphatsa tsa lefutso ke se multiple tsa haploid ena.
2. Chromosomal phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso. Ho na le tsosoloso e khōlō ea likotoana tsa chromosomes. Khetholla tahlehelo ya tlhahiso leseding (hlakolwa), palopedi lona (kopitsa), li fetohele ka dikamano tsa tatellanong nucleotide (pitikololo), hammoho le libaka tsa ho transfera ka chromosomes sebaka tse ling tse (translocation).
3. liphatsa tsa lefutso phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso. The liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso atileng ka ho fetisisa. The ketane DNA e nkeloa sebaka tšohanyetso makalana maloa nitrogenous.

Liphello tsa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso

Ho itlelang feela liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso - bakang mafu lihlahala polokelo, ho se sebetse ea litho le lisele tsa batho le liphoofolo. Ha sele mutated e teng ka kgolo multicellular phelang ka ho eketsehileng, ka etsahala hore ebe e tla timetsoa ka ho sa tlhomelo ya apoptosis (etselitsoe lefu seleng e). mele laola mokhoa oa ho paballo ea lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me ka thuso ea boitshireletso ba mmele gets bukkake tlosa lisele tsohle khoneha senyehile.

Tabeng e 'ngoe ea ba likete tse makholo T-lymphocytes ha ba na nako ea ho hlwaya sebopeho seo ba anngoeng,' me e fana ka lisele tsa tsona li clone hore hape na phatsa ea lefutso mutated. seleng ea conglomerate na mesebetsi se tse ling, se hlahisa lintho tse chefo le hampe ama boemo kakaretso ea 'mele.

Ha ho na phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso e hlahile ka somatic le kokoana-hloko seleng, liphetoho tse tla a hlokomela ka bana. Ba bontša tsela e sa tloaelehang congenital litho, deformities, mafu tshilong ya dijo, 'me mafu a polokelo.

Ho itlelang feela liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso: boleng

Maemong a mang, pele e neng e bonahala eka liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso e na thuso ba ka 'na ba molemo ho ikamahanya le maemo a tse ncha ea bophelo. Ena ke phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso e le ka tekanyo e itseng kgetho tsa tlhaho. Liphoofolo, linonyana le likokoanyana na camouflage coloration tsamaisanang le sebaka sa bolulo o ho itšireletsa liphoofolong tse hlaha. Empa haeba ho fetola tikoloho bona, ka nako eo sebelisa phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso mofuta o leka ho sireletsa mefuta ea ho tloha ho fela. Tlas'a maemo a tse ncha liphoofolo tse matla hore ba pholohe 'me fetisetsa bokhoni ba ena ho ba bang.

The phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso li ka etsahala libakeng tse bao e seng mafolofolo tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le, 'me joale a bona liphetoho tseo ba phenotype hlokomela. Fumana "taboha" ke khoneha feela ka ho ba lithuto itseng. Hoa hlokahala ho ithuta ka tšimoloho ea mefuta e amanang ea liphoofolo le ba lokisetsa ho ea limmapa tsa bona liphatsa tsa lefutso.

The bothata ba ho liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho itlelang feela

Ka forties ea tse lekholo tse fetileng ho ne ho khopolo ea hore phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso bakileng feela ke mabaka a hlahang kantle le ho ba thusa ho tloaela. Ho hlahloba khopolo ena, ka khethehileng teko le reps mokhoa ile ntshetswa pele.

Tsamaiso e ne e ha e le hantle hore ho na le palo e fokolang ea mofuta ofe e 'ngoe ea libaktheria li tlotsitsoe ka tube,' me ka mor'a grafting lithibela-mafu tse 'maloa li ne li eketsa ho eona. Karolo ea microorganisms pholoha, 'me ba ne ba isoa tikoloho e ncha. Papiso ea libaktheria methapo fapaneng ea senola hore ho hanyetsa ho ile ha hlaha ka boithatelo e le ho ikopanya le lithibela-mafu, 'me ka mor'a eona.

ho pheta-pheta mokhoa ne e le hore fleecy lesela isoa microorganisms le, 'me joale fetisetsa ka nako ka libakeng tse' maloa tse hloekileng. likolone New ne rutehileng le tšoaroa ka lithibela-mafu e. Ka lebaka leo, libaktheria tse fapa-fapaneng ba ileng ba pholoha methapo lokisetsa ka likarolo lekanang mahareng ka.