European Chelete System

Ho tloha ka thehoa feela a eona, European Chelete System (EMS) e ba mema tlhokomelo e ngata ka sebopeho hokahanya likamano tsa lipolotiki.

litebello ferekane ba tsamaiso ea chelete lefatše le phaphametseng sekhahla Mothehi bo-ntat'a sona ba EBU ngotsweng ho tsosolosa tsamaiso ea ditefello tsitsitseng empa fetolehang phapanyetsano ka ho fetisisa ea Morabe European. Joalo tsamaiso e ne e tla etsa hore ho be bonolo ho sireletsa e khōlō ka hare European phallang khoebo ea ho tloha liphetoho e bohale ka tlhodisano ka. Hape e ne fokotsa fapoha wa setjhaba theko, lumella ho beha ka theko ka tlase ho hloka botsitso le o nkisang ho "libaka tsa botsitso buseletsoe".

Ka nako e tšoanang le European Chelete System ile hlahlojoa ka morero rata maemo haholo, joalokaha a ile a khutlela ho taolo ya European chelete linaheng tse ling, ba bangata haholo-holo Fora le Italy, o ile a lula itšehla thajana ho tloha boiteko pele ho moo ho kopanngoa.

tsamaiso ea o ile ba bile teng ba, hata ka nģ'ane morero oa tsona pele: directional taolo mochine chelete ea European Economic Community (EEC) o ile a stiffer tumellano ya ea chelete tlhaloso leano, tsamaiso ya motse-moholo e phahame ho feta e ne e le ka lilemo tse mathoasong a nako ea EMU.

Lintho tsohle tse lefatšeng e ya kokangana, haholo-holo tšimong ea likamano tsa chelete e ka boemong ba lefatše lohle. Ka lebaka leo, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho bua mantsoe a seng makae ka tsamaiso ea lefatše ea chelete ka kakaretso, methati ea ho qetela ea ho hōla:

· Paris tsamaiso e khopo ea chelete (dilemo 1816-1914), e thehiloeng molao-motheo khauta.

· Gold bullion tekanyetso (1914-1941), e leng o ile a hlokomela phapanyetsano chelete pampiri bakeng mekoallo khauta bekha se dikilogeramo ka tlase ho 12,5.

Hammoho le khauta ka mor'a nako ba ditefello tse machaba ba fetohile ba amohela liranta tse US le boima ba lik'hilograma tse ikhethang.

· Ka 1922, ho tšoareloang liboka ho ile ha tšoaroa ka Genoa, e tlisa hammoho le baemeli ba linaha tse ling tse 34, ho tšohla lintlha tsa monetarism mora oa Pele World Ntoa, mokhoa hlaphoheloa Bohareng le Europe Bochabela le tumellano pakeng tsa moruo European bathapi le motjha Union puso.

Ebe Genoese tsamaiso e khopo ea chelete ile rerileng (1922-1944), eo e neng e le motheo wa tekanyetso khauta phapanyetsano.

· Ho tloha ka boiteko Second World Ntoa li ne li entsoe ho boloka botsitso har'a lichelete tse khōlō ka tsamaiso tsepamisitsoeng sekhahla, bitsoa Bretton Woods tumellano, eo e oele ka 1970s pele.

Leha ho le joalo, baeta-pele European batla ho molao-motheo oa ditefello tsitsitse, tlohela leano la phaphametseng ditefello phapanyetsano, e ratoa ka United States.

linaheng tse ngata ba ile ba lumela ka 1972 ho tshehetsa likamano chelete ena. Le tsamaiso ea chelete, bitsoa "Snake ka kotopo ea" e ne e le ho thibela liphetoho ea liphesente tse fetang 2,25.

E ne e le ha a leka pele ka tšebelisano-'moho le tšimong ea likamano tsa ka chelete 'me, ha e le hantle, ho e tlama lichelete tsohle EEC le mong ho e mong. Le hoja puso ea ho feta kapa ka tlaase ho pholoha ho fihlela 1979, o ile a ha e le hantle qala ho oela kantle ka 1973, mabapi le oscillation mahala ea ya dollar e.

The European System Chelete e ile ea thehoa ka 1979 e le hore ba tsitsisa tekanyo ea baahi a moruo kenyelelitsoe European Union. Ka hona ha ho e ne e le European chelete unit trust (ECU), e thehiloeng ka baskete ea lichelete tsa sechaba. ECU e neng e le pele ho eena ea Euro.

Ka mekhahlelo ea pele ea mokhatlo oa e ne e se le atlehileng. ka ho feletseng, ho na le ba bangata mathata botekgeniki. liphetoho nako le nako li eketsehile boleng ba lichelete le matla le theolela se fokolang haholo.

Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a 1986 ba liphetoho ka ho ya ka sekgahla sa tswala ea sechaba li sebelisetsoa ho boloka chelete ka har'a e mengata e fapaneng moqotetsane (ho tloha ho le tiee sekhahla bohareng). Dinaheng kopanela ho etsa joalo, o ne a ena hore e lumellane le ea unit trust e thehilweng, e leng monehelo ea makhaola-khang ho ntoa e khahlanong le ho ikatolosa.

Ho theha nepahetse phapanyetsano sekhahla mochine (ERM) bakeng sa States Liphathi tsohle ho tsa bo-1990 United Kingdom ba ne ba sa kena. O ile a tlameha ho fana ka e ho fihlela hape ka 1992, hobane ba ile ba hlōleha ho lula ba meedi ERM.

mosebetsi oo, o Leha ho le joalo, ba tsoela pele ho ntshetsa pele ka ho ya ka le Maastricht Selekane, a se tiisa bohlokwa ya sebopeho kopanetsweng.

Ka 1999, ha ho ne ho sa Euro, tsamaiso ea chelete European e khaotsa ho ba teng, ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore mochine phapanyetsano sekhahla o tsoela pele ho matha.