Dirisega bonono - ke eng? Arts and Crafts le mefuta e tsa lona

Arts and Crafts - e karolong e pharaletseng ea bonono koahela Makala tse sa tšoaneng tsa mosebetsi bonono le tsepamisitse maikutlo tabeng ea ho bōpa lihlahisoa mofuta utilitarian. Bokgabane boemo ba lihlahisoa tse joalo hangata haholo phahameng. Kopanetsweng poleloana e reng kopanya mefuta e 'meli tsa bonono - Crafts le mokhabiso. Pele o na le litšobotsi tsa kopo e sebetsang, ea bobeli e reretsoe ho khabisa tikoloho batho.

Ya bokgabane le utility

Dirisega bonono - ke eng? Pele ho tsohle, ho ke ke sepheo bao litšobotsi tse ke le haufi le mokhoa oa ho ngola bonono, 'me morero oa bona e fapa-fapaneng haholo. Mepotjoana, lijeke, lijana kapa disete of China e metle, hammoho le lihlahisoa tse ling tse ngata tse mokhabiso e phelang kamoreng, kichineng, likamore le likamore bana. Ba bang ba beha dintho e ka ba mesebetsi ea bonono ea pele, 'me leha ho le joalo ke sa dihlopha tsa bonono sebelisoa.

Pharalla sephara ea mesebetsi

Dirisega bonono - se e tsoa ho fihlela boemong ba ho lebaka la mong'a lona? Boima pōpo thulaganyong, kapa mesebetsi ea matsoho ka tsela e itekanetseng e entsoeng ka thepa e ka letsohong? Ka sebele, ho ke ke e le mosebetsi oa bonono, tšoaneloa ke thoriso ka ho fetisisa. Utilitarian morero oa sehlahisoa ha detract tloha melemo ea eona. Arts and Crafts - e mengata e fapaneng mesebetsi bakeng sa baetsi ba litšoantšo le sculptors, bayemi le stylists. Haholo-holo tsa bohlokoa mesebetsi khethehileng tsa bonono bōpiloe ka kopi ea se nang molekane. Ka nako e tšoanang, dihlahiswa etsoa letoto la lihlooho tse, di Ranked ka souvenirs.

Mekhabiso ka tlung

Arts and Crafts - ke eng, haeba re nahana ka eona e le karolo ea temogo ya bontle jwa go tlatsa tikoloho ya lehae? Re ka bua ka kholiseho hore lihlahisoa tsohle le lintho tse pota, li bonahatsa litaele tsa batho ba leng planar haufi le bona, joalokaha motho a leka ho pota-pota ho bona ka bobona le lintho tse ntle. Arts and Crafts fana le monyetla oa ho khabisa sebaka ntlo, ofisi, e leng sebaka boikhathollo. hloko ka ho khetheha e leshwa ho moralo oa mehaho e bakeng sa bana.

'Me, qetellong, e sebelisoa bonono - se ka kutloisiso ea sechaba ka eona? Pontšo ena, lipontšo, fairs 'me ba bangata liketsahalo tse ling tsa sechaba, ba khomaretse setso. Fine bonono le Crafts bokgabane eketsa boemo ba ntshetsopeleng batho, khothalletsa batho sebopeho sa tatso hae bokgabane. Ho phaella moo, ho hlahloba lipontsuoa fetela le ho talima lintho ka tsela e akaretsang. E mong le e sebelisa lipopi tsa motlakase tsa bonono dirisega - e tloaelaneng le batho ka kakaretso le li finyeletseng le lecha tšimong ea pōpo bonono. liketsahalo tse joalo ke tsa bohlokoa ho khetheha ho ruta moloko o monyenyane.

A histori hanyane

Folk bonono le Crafts simolohile metseng Serussia. Ba bang ba tse sa rarahanang Crafts lapeng hōlileng mong'a mesebetsi ea matsoho, hangata e classified e le lihlahisoa tsa ka dihlopha "Bonono le mesebetsi ea matsoho". A mohlala o motle oa setaele setso ke kahoo e bitsoang Dymkovo bapala - cockerels mala, lipalo, mekhabiso ea letsopa e khubelu.

Fishing e metse ka metso ka nako e fetileng, o ne a le lilemo tse fetang tse 'nè. Ho na le e ne e ea boholo-holo setso bonono dintho ka lebaka la ho ea matsatsi a phomolo ea sechaba "Whistler", ha kaofela motšehali baahi lepilo letsopa mololi ho fihlela letsatsing lena ka sebōpeho sa likhoho, linku le lipere. Mekete e ile ea nka matsatsi a mabeli.

Ha nako e ntse, moketeng o lahlehetsoe ke moelelo oa eona, 'me setso-sebelisoa bonono ba tsoela pele ho ntshetsa pele. Jwale Dymkovo bonono lihlahisoa potoloha etsahalla mokhatlo tlhahiso ea "Vyatka bapala". Products tloaelo koahetsoeng ka pate le hlalosa e khanyang, mebala e mengata.

Graphic-bonono le Crafts

Products tsa bonono ea sechaba foromo ka eona qalong, e le busa, ba motheo bakeng sa diporojeke tsa khoebo. litlhaku gospel-Tale qapa ke baahi ba metseng e Russia, a ile a bontša ka mabokose a tummeng Palekh, Zhostovo diterei la, lehong Kokhloma lihlahisoa. Sebelisoa tsebo ea Russia ka litsela tse ngata, e mong le e sebakeng le thahasellong ea lona, sehlahisoa sa beng ba Russia ba ka ya tlhokeho phahameng ke babokelli ba tsoang linaheng tse ling.

"Batloang baka phepelo" - polelo ena eo e ke ke molemo bontša boemo tšimong ea bonono setso le mesebetsi ea matsoho tsa Russia. Mohlala, bonono sebetsa ka gzhel setaele ratoa lefatšeng ka bophara ka lilemo tse makholo a 'maloa. E tummeng e putsoa le tšoeu mepotjoana, lipoleiti, tee le kofi disete di amohelehile mong le o mong lapeng, le exemplar haholo-holo tsa bohlokoa ke boikakaso ba babokelli ba. Ho ntse ke se se sa seo bonono dirisega - mosebetsi, sekepe kapa bonono ya bokgabane. Ha e le hantle, e mong le e ntho hloka ba bang ba leka ho etsa eona, 'me ha ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho fana ka setšoantšo sa boleng ba bonono.

Arts and Crafts ka ho hlokomela mafahla

Maemong a itseng, bafo bonono ka retelehela ho isa molokong o mong e monyenyane. Ea bohlokoa bo itseng ke lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka matsoho tsa bana. Immediacy ikhethang ho bashanyana le banana ba lilemong tsa ho ea pele ho sekolo, khongoana holimo ball kai tsoakane le takatso ea ho ntša maikutlo a bona a tebileng tsoha ho e tsoileng. Kids bonono le Crafts emeloa ke litšoantšo, plasticine figurines, lebokoso lipalo batho - ena ke ea sebele bonono ya bokgabane. Kajeno, hohle Russia dikgaisano, eo e akarelletsa lintho tse nyenyane "painters" le "sculptors".

Contemporary Russia dirisega bonono

Photos, daguerreotypes, etchings, litšoantšo, e hatisetsa, hammoho le mehlala e meng e mengata - e boetse bonono ya bokgabane. Products e ka ba e fapaneng haholo. Tabeng ena, kaofela ha bona ba kopantsoe ke bao e leng ea bophelo ba sechaba le setso tlas'a sehlooho - bonono le Crafts. Mosebetsi sebakeng sena ba le khetheha ka setso setaele. Ha ho makatse ha kaofela bonono le Crafts nka metso ea sona e profinseng Russia metseng e. sehlahiswa e ka amahanngoa homegrown tsela e bonolo le ho ba sieo ha ea pretentiousness hore ka linako tse ling le hlaha ka mesebetsi ea bonono e metle. Leha ho le joalo, ho Folk bonono boemong ba e phahameng ka ho lekaneng.

Russia le khabisitsoeng le bonono ke karolo ea matla a moruo ka har'a naha. Mona ka tlase ke lethathamo la litaelo tsa sehlooho tsa bonono setso le mesebetsi ea matsoho, e amohetse ho amohela machaba le ba romeloa linaheng tse ling o pharalletse liindasteri.

1. Lac lits'oants'o tse nyane ka lehong botlaaseng (Paleh, Mstera, Fedoskino).
2. Zhostovo bonono ho penta ka tšepe, Limoges enamels, enamel.
3. Khokhloma, Gorodets, Mezen bonono lethathamo sefateng.
4. Gzhel, filimonovo bapala, Dymkovo bapala - bonono ho penta ka letsopa.

Palekh

Palekh setso bonono sekepe hlaha ka Serussia libaka tse sabaletseng qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Tsebo ea ho lacquer paterone tse hlaha ka motsaneng profinseng Ivanovo tlas'a lebitso la Palekh. Fishing e ne e le ntsetso-pele ea iconographic bonono, le nang le metso ea sona mehleng ea pele ho Petrine. Hamorao, Palekh benghali ba kenya letsoho ho penta ea ho Faceted Moifo oa Moscow Kremlin, Novodevichy baitlami, cathedrals-bo-bong-Sergiase Lavra.

The phetohelo ea 1917 ea felisoa ho iconography, baetsi ba litšoantšo ba ne ba tsoa mosebetsing. Ka 1918, ho Palekh bonono mesebetsi ea matsoho Michelangelo S. ileng ba bōptjoa, eo ho eona e pentiloe Crafts lehong. Joale e ntan'o ba mesebetsi ea matsoho ile a ithuta ho bopa mabokose a papier-mache le hlalosa tsona ka mokhoa oa lits'oants'o tse nyane sebedisa ea setso letšoao-penta theknoloji.

Ka 1923, lacquer litsoantso tse nyenyane li ne li fanoa ka temo le indasteri pontšong All-Russia, eo fumana dipoloma ya tekanyo e 2nd. 'Me lilemo tse peli hamorao, mabokose Palekh ne bontšitse Paris, ka Pontšo World.

Katleho ea lihlahisoa e sa tloaelehang bonono fetohile se ba susumelletsa hore pōpo ea mekhatlo "Palekh baetsi ba litšoantšo Union" le "lithupelo Palekh bonono" ka Fund tsa USSR Art.

Fedoskino

Le lentsoe lena amanang Russia lacquer penta le pente oli tse thehiloeng Bibeleng. Fishing hlaha motseng o haufi le Moscow Fedoskino ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo. Palo e sebelisoa ho lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka papier-mache, ebe varnished ka le dikarolo tse 'maloa.

Qala bonono Fedoskino litsoantso tse nyenyane beha Russia mohoebi Pi Korobov, ea neng a le toropo ea Jeremane ea Braunschweig, 'me ba ithuta moo theknoloji e ho bōpa e snuff bisernits, mabokose a le lintho tse ling khabisitsoeng ka litšoantšo tse ntle.

Fedoskino oli pente e penta ka mehato e mene: ea pele ke kemiso ea puo ho atamela ( "zamalevok") lateloa ke ho ithuta qaqileng ( "peremalovka"), le glaze - bonaletsang pente barbotage, tshebetso bobeli - blikovka fetisetsa lintlha-khōlō le meriti ka setšoantšo.

Fedoskinskya atamela mokhoa ho akarelletsa le tšebeliso ea nahana ka dikarolo lera podkrasochnogo: khauta foil, phofo tšepe kapa potal. Maemong a mang, mong'a lona a ka etsa lera la nacre ena. Sebeletsang pepeneneng lessirovochnomu pente le lera bopa e ikhethang e le hantle tebileng phatsima. The pente lera e hatisoa ba batsho semelo sa.

Mstera

Kahoo e bitsoang Russian setso sekepe, e leng hlaha ka bohareng ba bo-lekholong la bo18 lekholong la lilemo la ka Vladimir Province. Kaofela qala le "litlhaku tse sa reng letho" - diaekhone tse nyenyane le hlalosoang mong le o mong ho qaqileng. Ka mor'a phetohelo ea 1917, ha ho sa hlokahale hore nako e telele ho iconography, Mstera a susumelletseha hore a mabokose le papier-mache. Palo e sebelisoa tempera pente, e tsoakiloeng le yolks le lehe. Bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-la bo20 la lilemo 'me qetellong la thehoa thekenoloji Mstera lacquer litsoantso tse nyenyane.

Melao-motheo e ka sehloohong ea kotokaka ba fetolela le ba ile ba kopanela le lipotoloho tracings holim'a sehlahiswa, lateloa ke "roskrysh" ka ho toba ho sebelisa paterone. Mokhahlelo latelang - penta qaqileng. 'Me qetellong, "Plavi" - le ho penta ea ho qetela le blikovkoy se se akaretsang khauta qhibilihile (o motle khauta phofo). Sehlahisoa se felile e tlotsitsoeng ka varnish sebeletsang pepeneneng ho le dikarolo tse tsheletseng le omisa lipakeng eaba e bentšitsoeng.

matšoao bath Mstiorskya penta - le k'hapete le khabisitsoeng le, e le papali e poteletseng ea mebala 'me tse tharo merero e' mala o sebelisoang ka colouring: bosehla ocher, khubelu le silevera-putsoa. le ntse le lihlooho khale: lipale gospel, liemahale tsa histori, mehaho.

Zhostovo

Batho ba tšoasa litlhapi Zhostovo - diterei la ka tšepe, penta ka setaele khethehileng. Zhostovo bonono simolohile mathoasong a lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ka metsaneng ea pharishe ea Boraro-bo-Moscow. Baahi ba metseng e meraro (Ostashkovo, Zhostovo le Khlebnikovo) kopanela ka proizvodnje la lihlooho entsoe ka pentoa papier-mâché. Le ka studio Vishnyakov barab'abo rōna ba ile ba qala ho etsa diterei la entsoe ka lekotikoti le mohlala mebala-bala.

Vishnjakova theko lethathamo kenyelleditswe tse peli dozen lihlahisoa fapane le tšepe le papier-mâché, ba ne ba tsohle pentoa, ka bokhabane khabisitsoeng 'me ka ya tlhokeho phahameng ka fairs, ha a ntse a bokapele ba e kamehla penta floating.

Zhostovo penta - sehlooho Kukat liphetolelo tse 'maloa: sehlopha sa lipalesa serapeng sa rona "vraskidku" moqhaka braided mofapa. dimela tse hlaha a ba etsa ea ho hlophisoa ka thoko.

Lipalesa ka floating ho sheba tsa tlhaho ka lebaka la ho ithuta ka hloko lintlha tse nyenyane. The phalete le mebala e le ho sebelisa ha ho tlala lebetsoeng le. Background ka kakaretso batho ba batsho, ba khabisitsoeng ka e openwork floating bohale dipaterone, meroho kapa sebopeho stylized lehong. Zhostovo floating kamehla penta ka letsoho le ke mosebetsi oa bo khethehileng tsa bonono.

Khokhloma

lebitso la ena e ile ea fuoa setso sekepe Russia, metsotso khutlela mathoasong a lekholo la bo17 la lilemo. Khokhloma penta ke rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa le e theko e boima ea mekhoa eohle ea teng. Bonono mesebetsi ea matsoho - ke e telele a pōpo thulaganyou e amanang le ho e lokisa ka lehong, selotlolo lera selelekela le colouring oli.

Tsela difeme qala ka Kokhloma preforms difeme. Ntlha ea pele, mong'a lona otla menoana, ke hore, kolyat selepe ho na le masakana lehong. Joale e ntan'o ba workpiece e machined ho fihlela se lekana lakatsa le sebopeho. Sebetswa workpiece bitsoa "line ea boleng bo". Ka mor'a ho sila baki ea bona le khethehileng mokelikeli letsopa le omisitsoeng. Ebe se primed letho e tlotsitsoeng le le dikarolo e 'maloa ea oli linseed le lipakeng omisa. Sena se lateloa ke thini plating kapa hohla bokaholimo ba phofo aluminium, ka mor'a moo sehlahiswa fetoha tšoeu-specular mmala. Mothating ona e le loketse bakeng sa ho penta.

mebala mathomo Khokhloma - ho ba batsho le ba khubelu (ba batsho le ba cinnabar), ka tlaasana ea pente: khauta, sootho, leseli le tala le mosehla. Brush ha sebedisa otile haholo (entse feela ea le mehatla e lent), jwalo ka sebelisoa lichapo batlang e sa hlokomeleheng buisana.

Case atamela dikahare - Rowan menokotsoai, viburnum, fragole, makhasi tse nyenyane, tsesaane, hanyenyane bakoa kobehileng tala. All huleloa e khanyang, e mebala e le matla haholo, contour a ka ho hlaka le bolela. setšoantšo e thehiloe molao-motheo oa ho bapisoa.

Gzhel

Sena ke ka ho fetisisa ratoa setso sekepe, setso Russia bohareng tlhahiso ea letsopa bonono. Ho ae phethang e le sebaka se seholo se entsoeng ka metseng e 27 tlas'a lebitso Gzhel morung km 60 ho tloha Moscow.

Gzhel sebaka ka makholo a lilemo e ne e tummeng mobung ea phahameng sehlopheng letsopa li lokele lijana meriana. Ka 1770 Gzhel linaheng tse lekeishini ba ile ba abeloa ho odara Apothecary. Joale ka motse Gzhel theha tlhahiso ea litene, letsopa, liphaephe, lithaele setofo le lintho tsa ho bapala ho Moscow.

Lisebelisoa tloha Gzhel letsopa ne bo hlile bo molemo, bobebe le tsoarellang. Qalong ea lekholo la lilemo la bo19 la lilemo ka ho ruta pharisheng ea ka, ho ne ho 25 dimela hlahisa glassware. The planar ea Moscow e susumelletseha ntshetsopele ya tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tsa letsopa, fairs motse-moholo rekiswa tse se nang palo likotlolo, lipoleiti, lijana le lisebelisoa tse ling tse ka kichineng.

Gzhel bapala ka nako eo li ne li entsoe ka ho hlahisoeng litšila houseware. Ho sa tsotellehe hore kae letsopa kapa le letšehali, tsohle e ne e sebelisetsoa ho go aga dikgantshwane cockerels, likhoho, linku le lipōli. Qalong, lithupelo handicraft sebelitse erratically, empa ka mor'a nakoana ho bile le mola tobileng ka tlhahiso. Raw tšepe kotulo ka ho toba bakeng souvenirs, wizards hape ba ho khetheha ka profil ea lihlahisoa ho fetisisa o ile a batla ka mor'a.

Tšoeu lipere benyang le liemahale li ne li pentiloe ka mebala e fapaneng ka nako e telele kaha ho ne ho cobalt, bokahohleng pente. Le matla haholo e khanyang 'mala e putsoa ke molemo ka ho fetisisa ho kopantswe le lehloa-e tšoeu enamel sengoathoana. Ka 50s ea baetsi ba litšoantšo ba lekholong la lilemo la ho qetela ka ho feletseng tlohela mebala e meng kaofela 'me ba qala ho sebelisa poglazurnoy cobalt putsoa colouring. Sepheo sa utloisisa ka tsela eo e ka ba e fapaneng haholo, ka sehlooho leha e le efe.

Crafts tse ling

The a manyenyane ea bonono Russia setso le Crafts bonono le Crafts ke tsela e sa tloaelehang ka bophara. Mona 'me le bonono Kasli betsa, le tapa le likarolo blotches. intarsia le marquetry dithekeniki dumella ho bopa metako hlollang le diphanele. Russia dirisega bonono - se seholo setso stratum ea naha, leruo la sechaba.