Cyclic phelelang hydrocarbons: joang ho lokisetsa bona. cycloalkanes

A sehloohong sena a re tla sheba ho cycloalkanes le litšobotsi tsa sebopeho bona. A re ke re leka ho hlalosa thepa bath ya dintho tsena, e thehiloeng litšobotsi tsa sebopeho bona.

sebopeho

Ho qala ho hlahloba sebopeho sa sehlopha sa ile a re ka hydrocarbons manyolo. metsoako All cyclic li arotsoe ka mefuta e carbocyclic le heterocyclic.

Sehlopha sa bobeli se ke ka hare ho e koetsoeng liathomo sekgoqetsane tharo k'habone. Heterocyclic metsoako e tšoanang ntle le k'habone ka limolek'hule tsa bona hape e na le sebabole, oksijene, phosphorus, naetrojene.

Ho na le karohano carbocyclic metsoako nkhang hamonate le alicyclic ntho.

dintho alicyclic

Tsena li akarelletsa cycloalkanes. thepa lik'hemik'hale le ba lokisetsa ho ea dintho tsena ikemiselitse ho toba ke mohaho o koetsoeng tsa sehlopha sena sa hydrocarbons.

Alicyclic bitsoa dintho tseo e nang le 'ngoe kapa ho feta bao e seng nkhang hamonate ka lipotoloho tsa tlhaho. Ho lokisetsa le ho Sebelisa cycloalkanes ho nkoa ka ho ya ka kamano ea bona le komponeng alicyclic.

tlhophiso

Moemeli e bonolo ea sehlopha sena sa hydrocarbons ke cyclopropane. Ka sebopeho sa yona feela tse tharo k'habone liathomo. Baemeli ba letoto la lihlooho tse homologous ba bitsoa, ho phaella moo, le paraffins. Ho ea ka thepa tsa bona tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa nama tse tšoanang le hydrocarbons phelelang. Limolek'hule na litlamo le 'ngoe ha thehoa orbitals lebasetere. The mofuta cycloalkanes tsa hybridization sp3.

Ea ho hlophisoa ka kakaretso a bontša ka ho ba sehlopheng sa moralo o balletsweng SnN2n. metsoako tsena ke interclass isomers ethylenic hydrocarbons.

Ho ea ka nomenclature jwale ea machaba ea tloswa, le sehlooho sa baemeli ba sehlopha sa eketsa ea le ketapele "cyclo" ho palo loketseng liathomo hydrocarbon. Kahoo, ho etsa mohlala, fumana cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Kwalwang fana ka nomenclature lebitso bakeng sa palo ea lihlopha koetsoeng methylene CH2. Ka lebaka la sena, le tla ho fetisetswa trimethylene cyclopropane le cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Bakeng sa sehlopha sa ena ea metsoako manyolo tšoauoa ka isomerism mehaho mabapi le palo ea liathomo k'habone ka lesale, 'me isomerism Optical.

dikgetho thuto

Joale ak'u nahane ka hore na baeti ba fihlelang ho. Cycloalkanes ka fumanoa ka litsela tse ngata, ho itšetlehile ka mofuta ofe oa ho a simolla lintho tse bonahalang tse khethiloeng tsa lik'hemik'hale phetoho. Re tla sekaseka tse khōlō dikgetho parafini tswakana.

Ho joalo, ke eng eo ba e fuoang? Cycloalkanes thehoa ke cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh phelelang hydrocarbons. Ka tsela e tšoanang ka lik'hemik'hale hlahiswa four- le tse tharo-membered lesale. Mohlala, cyclopropane. A re hlahlobeng ho lokisetsa lona - cycloalkanes, e leng baemeli ba pele ba letoto la lihlooho tse homologous ba thehoa ke ketso ea magnesium metallic kapa zinki digalogenproizvodnuyu ngollana alkane.

Le kamoo u ka theha hlano membered le tšeletseng membered cyclic metsoako, tshebetso ya ho ho bona? Cycloalkanes le k'habone liathomo tse ngata ka sebopeho sa ho bopa ena e thata, kaha ka lebaka la conformation la bothata le cyclization tsa molek'hule ena. ketsahalo ena ke e loketseng ho mahala chenchana tsa C-C, e leng haholo ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho komponeng cyclic. Bakeng sa sebopeho sa tsena cycloalkanes baemeli ba ka qalang thepa ke 1,2- kapa 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye ngollana alkane.

Har'a mekhoa e parafini thulaganyou e tswakana le hape khetholla decarboxylation ea acid dicarboxylic le letsoai hoo. Five- le cycloalkanes tšeletseng membered lokisetsa intermolecular condensation.

Har'a mekhoa e itseng bakeng sa sebopeho bona bolele ba itšoara joang pakeng tsa alkenes le carbenes, ho tsosolosa oxygenated derivatives tsiklosoedineny.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

Litsela tsohle khoneha ho fumana cycloalkanes le ditshebeditsano bona ba ikemiselitse ke peculiarities ya sebopeho lik'hemik'hale. Fanoeng ho ba teng ha mohaho cyclic, har'a thepa e khōlō ea lik'hemik'hale itsoara joang ka tsa cycloalkanes hydrogen kgetha sebaka mabapi (hydrogenation), ntsha lona (dehydration).

Bakeng sa liphetoho ho sebelisa sethothetsi, joalokaha ho polatinamo, Palladium ka nka khato. E a ileng a itšoara ka e mocheso phahameng, boleng lona itšetlehile ka boholo lesale. The bohato ka cyclic hydrocarbon molek'hule ke UV ts'ebetso ea ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lijo, e ka etsa joang chlorination (chloride phaella moo).

Joaloka baemeli ba kaofela metsoako manyolo, cycloalkane ke khona ho kena ba itšoara joang combustion e, ya ho theha carbon dioxide e ka mor'a hore ho itšoara joang, mouoane metsing. itšoara joang Sena se bolela ho dithulaganyo exothermic kaha tsamaea le ho lokolloa ha mocheso o lekaneng.

bofello

Paraffins ba koaloa hydrocarbon metsoako thehoa ho tswa alkanes digalogenproizvodnyh kapa metsoako e meng manyolo. Features ya sebopeho bona ikemiselitse mantlha thepa lik'hemik'hale cycloalkanes, kopo tsa bona. Haholo-holo ba li sebelisoa tswakana manyolo ho hlahisa oxygenated metsoako manyolo.