Boleng ba dimela ka bophelo ba batho le lintho tsa tlhaho. Karolo e phethoang ke dimela tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba motho

Dimela ba fepa rona, apesa, mofuthu, khahlise ka leihlo ho bokelleng kamore, sa lipalesa le o hlophisitsoeng Kukat. Mefuta tse etsang mokhabiso tala ea polanete ea rōna, ba ka khona ho etsa metsoako manyolo ka ho lokolloa ha oksijene sepakapakeng ea Lefatše. Great boleng ba dimela ka bophelo ba motho, tsa tlhaho, mosebetsi a moruo ea baahi. The litaelo ka sehloohong tsa tšebeliso e sebetsang le mosebetsi dikopanothutano tsa sehlopha sena e kholo ea lintho tse phelang.

Tala mohlolo oa mofuta

Dimela di ka fumanoa hohle: ka morung, tšimo, le mokatong oa leoatle, lerotholi la metsi ka tlhōrōng ea thaba. Har'a sehlopha sena ea lintho tse phelang ema phelang unicellular le multicellular. Ea saense hore o ithuta limela, sebopeho bona, kabo, le thalo - botaniki. The pokello ea mefuta eohle dimela e fumanoa sebakeng se itseng - ho limela.

Ho na le liforomo tse tharo tsa bophelo. Ba fapana le ponahalo: lifate, lihlahla le litlama. Fapaneng ba phela ke bath ea annuals, biennials le perennials. Ho na le ka lefatshe sehlopha se seholo sa phelang spore-eaba ba etsa - ke dimelametsing, mosses, tlelabo mosses, ferns. Ho dipeo ba gymnosperms, le lipalesa. dimela tsena tse sebelisoang ke monna ho tloha nakong immemorial.

Russia rasaense K. A. Timiryazev ile a ngola hore lisele tse tala sebetsa e le "Prometheus, ea ileng a utsoa mollo o tsoang leholimong." Ha mahlaseli a letsatsi a conserved eneji, le generated dintho manyolo ke limela. Timiryazev, ea seng a ile a ithuta chlorophyll le karolo ea dimela tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba motho, e bitsoang baahi tala tsa lefatše, "e leng mediators pakeng tsa leholimo le lefatše." Scientific ne a bua ka mokhoa oa ho sebopeho liseleng tala tsa tsoekere le starch - tala. lentsoe lena la Segerike le bolela "ho lobed tsa leseli" le bua ka tsela e itseng ea ho ja - autotrophic. Phelang libōpuoa tse-autotrophs bōpiloe ka metsoako inorganics manyolo sebelisa khanya eneji, le (a letsatsi kapa maiketsetso khanya). Batho le liphoofolo ba sa ikamahanya le maemo ho tšebetso e joalo, ka hona, ho hlokahala limela.

tala

Metso monya metsi ho tswa ho mobu le diminerale matsoai ka mekoti nyenyane ka makhasi, o susumetsa carbon dioxide e tsoang ho moeeng. Tsena dintho inorganic ka lebaka la lik'hemik'hale tsa tala, ke karolo ea tsoekere le starch. tshebetso ile sa etsa hore ke habohlokoa ho tsoela pele ea limela tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba motho. Tala hantle bontša sekemeng 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O → C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D. Etsahala limela le liphetoho tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale e etsa lintho tse fapaneng (starch, selulose, lihaha-'mele, mafura, lignin, divithamini, halogenated le ba bang ba bangata ba). Di chesa ke semela ke tsa bohlokoa le ho ja le ho kalafo batho, metsoalle ea hae ba bane-maoto - liphoofolo.

Karolo e phethoang ke dimela tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba motho

libōpuoa Autotrophic ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lintho tsohle tse phelang Lefatšeng. Boleng ba dimela e laolwang ke litšobotsi tse latelang tsa dithulaganyo lik'hemik'hale liseleng tala:

• phepelo mokhoa oo matla a ananelang e sebediswa bakeng sa liphetoho oa leseli;
• tlhopho ya oksijene e hlokehang bakeng sa ho hema batho, liphoofolo le limela ho bona ka bobona;
• sebopeho sa dintho manyolo;
• uptake tsa carbon dioxide, e dikahare phahameng e kotsi ho batho le liphoofolo.

Lefatšeng, ho na le ke phapanyetsano ea dintho e ngata le matla a baahi kgethile le lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho na le khutšoanyane 'me nako e telele liketane lijo, ba ile ba theha timang:

• moru joang bo → mmutla → Fox;
• lero le peō ea lipalesa linotši → → pern (likhoho);
• Clover namane → → motho.

Boleng ba dimela tala tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba motho bo - kenya letsoho circulations metsi, oksijene, naetrojene, carbon dioxide le metsoako e meng. Mohlala, multicellular libōpuoa tse phelang tse sa khone ho assimilate le limolek'hule naetrojene ho tloha moeeng le mobu. Elements hlokahala ho bōpa protheine - kholo "lintho tse bonahalang mohaho ona o" le phepo.

Ka metso ea maqhutsu legume thehoa e entsoeng ka libaktheria naetrojene-lokisa. Ba monya naetrojene leng moeeng, tlatsa le voids ka mobu, e fetoloa metsoako fumaneha bakeng sa ho limela leguminous. Sena symbiosis - e molemo tšebelisano-'moho ea libōpuoa fapaneng phelang. Ha limela shoa, mobu e ntlafatsa ke metsoako ea naetrojene, ba ka assimilated ke metso phelang. Bakeng sa monna legumes - mohloli oa bohlokoa oa protheine. Ka temo, ba ile ba ba sebelisa e le manyolo tala.

dimela tala le ho hlophisoa ha moea

Boleng ba dimela tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba motho bo e sa tšoaneng haholo. Kahoo, tala, naetrojene fixation le transpiration (lokolloa ha makhasi mouoane ea metsi) ama ea ho hlophisoa a moea. E le mouoane oa sehlopha tala ho thusa itšireletsa overheating. Thanks ho limela, moea ke a hloekileng, e hloekileng, pholileng le le mongobo:

• lisele tse tala monya leseli le tsoang ho sepakapakeng carbon dioxide le lokolla oksijene;
• lekhasi transpiration kgona ho laola mouoane metsing dikahare moeeng ambient;
• Dimela boloke lerōle, mosili le contaminants tse ling tse kotsi ho batho;
• ho hloka botsitso abelwa siea le phello e kotsi ho likokoana-hloko ho.

Dikopanothutano bohlokoa ba dimela ka bophelo ba motho

Magala mesaletsa ea hlobo, peō, e hatisetsa lekhasi le patsi ba tsohile lumella bo-rasaense ba ho utloisisa hore na ke eng e neng e le lintho tsa tlhaho tse limilione tse fetileng, ho etsa liqeto tse mabapi le liphetoho bophelong ba Lefatšeng. Ho ea ka mehele ea selemo le selemo ka lehong ho ka bonoa ka boemo ba leholimo ka lilemo tse ngata. Ho na le limela, barometers, ba thunya ka letsatsi le chabile 'me lipalesa haufi le boemo ba leholimo bo bobe. Ka makhasi calla, balsame hlaha ka pel'a marotholi pula metsi. Dimela di atisa ho sebelisa ka baemeli ba liteko tsa makala e fapaneng ya saense. Mohlala, environmentalists, ho ithuta ho hlophisoa lik'hemik'hale ea lisele 'me lisele tse ahloloa silafatsoa tikoloho.

Dimela ba sebeletsa e le lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa ho ikatisa dimela, ho ithuta litsela tsa phetiso ya tlhahisoleseding lefa. Ho na le Maemong a batla ho tseba, ha limela tse sa hlokomele o ile a sebelisa ka liteko 'me o entsoe tse sibolotsoeng tsa bohlokoa. Ka mohlala, oa Lenyesemane Robert Boyle ka phoso a sibolla litsupa lik'hemik'hale dripped faolang bopherese ka nkho ka. Dimela sebeletsa e le mochine bakeng sa pōpo a maqheka rarahaneng botekgeniki, Engineering dibopeho (bionics).

Limela le Industry

lisele tse tala sebetsa jwalo ka libeteri a letsatsi. E bolokwa ka litlamo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa hlahisa limolek'hule. Meru e koahela lefatše ka hōle epochs Geological, ba file phahama ho mobung oa mashala. Magala lihlahisoa tsa tala hape e kenyeletsa oli, peat, khase ea tlhaho, oli shale.

Plant mefuta-futa, bohlokoa ba ho dimela ka bophelo ba motho e amanang le tshebediso atile ka lijo, lifate-lik'hemik'hale, makhasi ao le pampiri, Textile, meriana le liindasteri tse ling. ho rengoa ha lifate lihlahisoa - ea bohlokoa e tala lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa ho hlahisa thepa ea ka tlung, thepa ea ho haha, joala hydrolytic, bonfanti garage le lintho tse ling. Ho ea ka likhakanyo mekhoa e tloaetsoeng, botho tsebang 20 sekete. Sebelisa lehong. Ka ho fetisisa ea boholo-holo - incineration ho hlahisa mocheso, kaho ea mehaho, terata, tlhahiso ea pampiri.

feedstocks bohlokoa tse lijalo fibrous (k'hothone, folaxe, jute, hemp, joalo-joalo). Mohloli oa rabara tsa tlhaho ke ea tropike sefate Hevea. Litlolo tse nkhang hamonate, litlolo tse sa ntle ho dimela nkhang hamonate.

Temo le lirapeng

Boleng ba dimela ka bophelo ba motho e amanang le tshebediso ya lijo ka, bakeng sa lijo, mokhabiso oa metsana le mehaho. Lihlopha tse latelang arohantsoe ke mefuta e tsa tšebeliso ea temo:

• lijo-thollo (koro, raese, harese, phofo, ba rye, poone le lintho tse ling);
• legumes (dierekisi, linaoa, linaoa);
• tholoana (apole, ciliegia, currant, raspberry, joalo-joalo);
• sweeteners (tsoekere ea 'moba, tsoekere beet);
• meroho (tamati, likomkomere, pepere, joalo-joalo);
• oilseeds (sonobolomo, peto, folaxe);
• le khabisitsoeng le (lilac, rosa, Chrysanthemum, aster, joalo-joalo).

Khoahlapisitseng le legumes

boleng phepo e nepahetseng ea limela ka bophelo ba motho li ke ke tsa overestimated. Bo-rasaense ba hakanya hore hoo e ka 2/3 tsa lijo tsa baahi ba linaheng tse sa tšoaneng ho etsa ho fihlela lihlahisoa litlama. Ke dintho le thuso kenyeletsa lihaha-'mele, lik'habohaedreite, mafura, divithamini, acid manyolo.

Dimela ba jele hloekileng kapa sebetswa ka kakaretso kapa likarolo feela ya yona. A mahloriso bohlokoa limatlafatsi ho boletsoe lijo-thollo. Ke tenyetseha mohloli oa lik'habohaedreite, liprotheine le mafura. From dipeo fumana phofo bakeng sa ho baka dihlahiswa lebakeng, hlahisa bijoux le lijo-thollo lihlahisoa. Bohlokoa ka ho pheha le dipeo le motsoako oa dimela leguminous.

Meroho, litholoana le tsoekere lijalo

Dimela ipokellela metsoako manyolo ka pokello ea litholoana, bulbs le tubers, bonyane - ka bakoa ea, makhasi le rhizomes. Boleng bophelo semela le phepo e nepahetseng batho e hlalosoa ke sete ya metsoako eo li boloketsoe likarolong tse ka lero. lero ho fetisisa li-cell le livithamine le lintho tse ling qhibiliha tse tholoana eo, bulbs, tubers 'me makhasi a, meroho, lifate tsa litholoana le lijalo monokotsoai.

Nakong ea ho pheha o timetsa ba bang ba ya metsoako ea bohlokoa, tse kang livithamine. Ke ke hobane'ng ha dietitians nkhothaletsa ho ja litholoana tse ngata ba o khathollang le meroho. Ho na le lihlopha tsa batho, ka ho feletseng lithuto tsa ho lema lijo - je nama le vegans.

Boleng ba dimela ka bophelo ba motho ke esita le boleng vithamine sete. Ditholwana, ea makhasi, le metso e dipeo ba le dikgokelo tse ngata tsa bohlokoa. Boholo ba divithamini ka dimela e matleng a hae ho lihlopha sa A, B, C, E, le K. Tsena ke dintho hore laola ho metabolism 'meleng tala, hammoho le ka' mele oa motho, phoofolo. Ho ba sieo ha kapa ho hloka etswa ha likokoana-hloko e etsa hore lefu. Ka mohlala, ho hloka oa vithamine ea C, e leng barui meroho ba o khathollang le ditholwana, baka tšenyo marenene le ka bophara 'mele oa motho - scurvy. Sebetsana le hypo-le vithamine rarahaneng, ho ba bonolo ho thibela maemo a tsena sa rateheng, timetsang lihlahisoa foreshe meroho.

Hola lijalo tse ipokellela ka palo e khōlō ea 'mele le monate lero; e concentrated, le fetola mouoane le tsoekere. acid tse mafura ya dipeo le litholoana tsa bohlokoa e le dikarolo tsa oli jeoang. Veine, biri, tee, kofi, cocoa le lero tholoana fumaneha litholoana, frutos e, meroho, dipeo le makhasi.

dimela lithethefatsi

Ho phaella ho libaka tsena, bontšang karolo ea dimela ka bophelo ba batho, ho na le moriana o mefuta e meng e sebelisang mefuta e hlaha le hlaoleloa. dimela moriana na le bohlokoa ho tloha ntlha bongaka lebaka la mabapi le:

• alkaloids le glycosides - ba le laoloang ama mosebetsi oa makala le tsamaiso ea;
• tannins - binders 'me ba rue thepa-ba khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tse;
• livithamine le liminerale - ea bohlokoa bakeng sa metabolism;
• oli tsa bohlokwa - na litla-ba khahlanong le a hlabang le sebolaya dikokwana-hloko;
• acid e manyolo - phello tshilo ya dijo, letlalo, moriri;
• Flavonoids - laola matla a methapo ea mali;
• ho hloka botsitso - ketso khahlanong le likokoana-hloko.

Kahoo, karolo ea dimela ka bophelo ba motho ke bokhoni ba ho ho tlamahanya dintho hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo. Meriana tsoa lintho tse bonahalang dimela, ba softer, ka seoelo ba le litla-morao, ha e bapisoa le metsoako maiketsetso. thepa le moriana tlholeho tse makholo tsa mefuta ea limela, haholo-holo o ne a utloisisa mefuta e latelang:

• European birch (buds, ea makhasi, makhapetla, amohang);
• rosehip cinnamaldehyde (ditholwana ba bohata);
• bananas (makhasi a);
• Valeriana officinalis (motso);
• chamomile (inflorescence);
• nyenyane-leaved kalaka (lipalesa).

Ntle le limela, ho ba teng ha moloko oa batho o ke ke ha khoneha, e le polanete tala mokhabiso litlhoko tsa ka kwalwang sebelisoa, ho hlompha le ho nchafatsa.