Biopolymers - ke ... Plant Polymers

A mefuta e fapaneng ea tonanahali ea fapaneng lik'hemik'hale mofuta metsoako eo e ne e khona ho synthesize monna ka laboratoring. Leha ho le joalo, a ntse a le bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo ba litsamaiso tsohle tse phelang li bile le tla lula hantle tlhaho, dintho tsa tlhaho. Ke hore, limolek'hule tse amehang ka likete a itšoare skeletal ka hare ho 'mele' me ba na le boikarabelo tshebetsong bona e tloaelehileng.

Boholo ba bona ke ea sehlopha hore o na le lebitso le "likokoana-hloko polymers."

Khopolo kakaretso ea biopolymers

Ntho ea pele eo ho bolela hore maqhama 'ohle tsena - High, nang le boima, e fihla ho limilione Daltons. Tsena dintho - liphoofolo le meroho polymers, e phetha karolo ea makhaola-khang ea kaho ea lisele le dibopeho tsa bona, ho fana ka metabolism, tala, respiration, lijo le mesebetsi e meng eohle ea bohlokoa ea leha e le efe e phelang e phelang.

Feteletsa bohlokoa ba metsoako e thata hakana. Biopolymers - ke dintho tsa tlhaho se hlahang ho yona tsa tlhaho, tse thehoa ka lintho tse phelang le tse motheong oa lintho tsohle tse phelang polaneteng ea rōna. Hantle-ntle ke mabapi ba akarelletsa eng?

biopolymers seleng ea

A ngata tsa tsona. Kahoo, biopolymers kholo tse latelang:

• liprotheine;
• polysaccharides;
• acid nucleic (DNA le RNA).

Ntle ho tsena, bonang! E ka etsahala ho kenyeletsa polymers tse ngata e tsoakiloeng tse thehoa ho tswa tlhakantsuke ya se lenaneng. Mohlala, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins le ba bang.

thepa e Tloaelehileng

Ho na le makgetha a ho 'maloa tse neng li tloaelehile ho limolek'hule bohle ka potso. Ka mohlala, tse latelang thepa kakaretso ea biopolymers:

• kholo ea limolek'hule boima ka lebaka la hore ho thehoe macrochains haholo le ramifications ka sebopeho lik'hemik'hale;
• mefuta kgokagano ka macromolecules (hydrogen, ionic ditshebeditsano, electrostatic khahloa, kgokagano disulfide, peptide litlamo, joalo-joalo);
• le mehaho ya ka yuniti ya mong le e mong oa potoloho - monomeric unit trust;
• stereoregularity kapa ba sieo ha eona e leng sebōpeho sa ketane ena.

Empa ka kakaretso, kaofela ha biopolymers ntse ke ho se tšoane ho feta ka sebopeho le mesebetsi, ho ena le ho tšoana.

liprotheine

Le ea bohlokoa haholo bophelong ba libōpuoa tsohle tse phelang tse limolek'hule protheine. Joalo biopolymers - ke motheong oa biomass ea. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, esita le ka khopolo ea ho bophelo Oparin-Haldane o Lefatšeng simoloha ho tloha marotholi coacervate, e leng protheine.

Sebōpeho sa dintho tsena angoa ke ho kamehla ka tieo ka sebopeho sa. Motheong oa e mong le e protheine di na le dipegelo litlhaka kahare acid e amino hore ba ka khona ho o tlohang ka mong ho e mong ka ketane bolelele ke keng ba lekanngoa. Sena se etsoa ka ho eaba ba etsa le kamano e khethehileng - peptide. Joalo tlamo e sa thehoa pakeng tsa likarolo tse 'nè: k'habone, oksijene, naetrojene le hydrogen.

Sebōpeho sa protheine molek'hule ka akarelletsa a mangata litlhaka kahare amino acid e ka ho tšoanang kapa fapaneng (a mashome a seng makae a likete kapa ho feta). All etsahalang ka bophara mefuta tsena amino acid e ea metsoako, ho na le 20. Leha ho le joalo, tlhakantsuke bona tse sa tšoaneng lumella protheine ho matlafala ka bongata le mefuta e ka bophara.

lihaha-'mele, biopolymers na fapaneng tlhaloganya sebaka conformation. Mohlala, moemeli e ka 'na ea e-ba teng ka sebōpeho sa mathomo, se mahareng, e phahameng kapa quaternary sebopeho.

Ka ho fetisisa bonolo le e guttate mong - sa mathomo. Ke mpa feela palo ea tatellanong amino acid e kopantsoe hammoho.

conformation mahareng e na le sebopeho rarahaneng ho feta, kaha le protheine palo yohle macrochains ho simolla helical, eaba ba etsa makhetlo. Tse peli tse haufi macrostructures li tšoareloa haufi le e mong le e tse ling ka lebaka la hydrogen le covalent dirisana pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa liathomo. Khetholla alpha, le tsa beta Helix sebopeho ea bobeli ea liprotheine.

sebopeho e phahameng ke kela ikharileng ka molecule (polypeptide ketane) protheine. rarahane haholo marangrang a sebelisana ka hare globule ho ena e dumella hore e be ho lekaneng tsitsitseng 'me ba boloka ba ile ba fumana foromo.

Quaternary conformation - e feta ka liketane polypeptide le e ikharileng spirally swirled kela tseo le tsona li hammoho theha maqhama a mangata tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng. The rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa globular sebopeho.

Mesebetsi ya limolek'hule protheine

1. Lipalangoang. E phethahatsoa e le karolo ea lero la mali lera liprotheine liseleng. Ba theha metjha e Ion, tse khonang ho fetisa limolek'hule itseng. Hape, liprotheine tse ngata e leng karolo ea motsamao oa organelles tsa protozoa le libaktheria, ka hona, a ameha ka ho toba ka mokhatlo oa bona.
2. Mosebetsi matla a bolaoa ya data e limolek'hule mafolofolo. mob mobile mong oa protheine e metabolism karolo 17,6 KJ. Ka lebaka leo, tshebediso ya limela le liphoofolo lihlahisoa tse nang le metsoako tsena, ke habohlokoa hore lintho tse phelang.
3. Kaho tšobotsi e ho kenya letsoho ha limolek'hule protheine ka kaho ea boholo ba mehaho e lisele tsa lisele bona, lisele, makala a, 'me joalo-joalo. Hoo e batlang e seleng e leha e le ofe ha e le hantle ha hahoa ho tloha limolek'hule tsena (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, lero la mali lera, ribosome, mitochondria le likarolo tse ling tse amehang sebopeho sa metsoako protheine).
4. Mosebetsi catalytic e etsoang ke enzyme, e leng, ka tlhaho bona lik'hemik'hale, ke ha ho letho le tšoanang le liprotheine. Ntle le enzyme e ne e tla ke ke ha khoneha ho fetisisa a itšoare ka skeletal 'meleng, kaha ha ba - ho etswa ha likokoana-hloko ka ho tsamaiso ea phelang.
5. Receptor (eo hape a bontša), mosebetsi wa thusa lisele tsa ho tsamaea le ho nka khato liphetoho leha e le efe tikoloho, bobeli mechine le lik'hemik'hale.

Ha protheine ka potso ka botebo haholo, ho ka etsahala ho abelwang karolo ya ba bang ba mesebetsi ho feta se mahareng. Leha ho le joalo, ho tse thathamisitsoeng ke tsa bohlokoa.

acid nucleic

biopolymers joalo - ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mong le e mong seleng, hore na prokaryotic kapa eukaryotic eona. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, acid nucleic kenyeletsa DNA (acid e deoxyribonucleic) le RNA (acid e ribonucleic), e mong le e ba tse ke elements bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa libōpuoa tse phelang tse.

Ka tlhaho bona lik'hemik'hale tsa DNA le RNA tatelano ke nucleotides amahanngoa ka litlamo hydrogen le marokho phosphate. Sebopeho na le nucleotides DNA tse kang:

• adenine;
• thymine;
• guanine;
• cytosine;
• pyatiuglerodisty tsoekere deoxyribose.

RNA e tšoauoa ka thymine e nkeloa sebaka ke uracil, le tsoekere - ribose.

Ka lebaka la ho khethehileng mehaho mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng oa ea DNA molek'hule khona ho phetha palo ea mesebetsi ea bohlokoa haholo. RNA hape phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka seleng.

Mesebetsi acid joalo

acid Nucleic - biopolymers hore ba na le boikarabelo mesebetsi e latelang:

1. DNA ke moagimogolo le fetisang oa boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso tse liseleng tsa lintho tse phelang. Ka prokaryotes, e leng molek'hule e ajoa cytoplasm ena. The seleng ea eukaryotic ke ka hare ho khenele arohane karyotheca.
2. Habeli tsielehile DNA molek'hule e arotsoe ka likarolo - liphatsa tsa lefutso tse etsang sebōpeho sa chromosome e. Liphatsa tsa lefutso ka 'ngoe ho ba le e khethehileng foromo ya khoutu liphatsa tsa lefutso tseo ho tsona lipontšo tsohle patilwe phelang.
3. RNA ke ea mefuta e meraro - popeho, ribosomal le lipalangoang. Ribosomal ameha ka tswakana 'me phutheho ea limolek'hule protheine ka dibopeho tse fapaneng. Matrix le sefetisi lesedi bala ho tloha DNA le ho hlalosa se boleloang moelelo likokoana-hloko.

polysaccharides

metsoako tsena - ke hangata polymers meroho, ke hore, e fumanoa lisele tsa limela. Ke haholo-holo ruileng polysaccharides ea leboteng ka seleng, eo kenyelletsa ditokiseletso selulose.

Ka tlhaho bona lik'hemik'hale, polysaccharides - e molecule rarahaneng sebōpeho sa lik'habohaedreite. E ka ba guttate, mekhahlelo conformations crosslinked. Monomers ke tse hlano tse sa rarahanang, hangata tšeletseng k'habone tsoekere - ribose, tsoekere, fructose. E leng tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa libōpuoa phelang, ho tloha e le karolo ea lisele tse dimela phepo pokello ke khomaretse ho lokolla e ngata ea matla.

Bohlokoa ba baemeli ba fapaneng

polymers bohlokoa haholo tsa likokoana-hloko tse kang starch, selulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin le ba bang. Le hore ba ba mehloli ea bohlokoa ea matla a lintho tse phelang.

Kahoo, selulose - ka e tlamang karolo ea marako a dimela seleng ea libaktheria tse itseng. Ho fana ka matla a, e leng sebopeho itseng. Ho indasteri, monna e mong o ile a sebelisa ho hlahisa pampiri, ea masela ea acetate.

Starch - Spare phepo dimela, e leng e boetse e le ea bohlokoa lijo sehlahiswa tsa batho le liphoofolo.

Glycogen, kapa phoofolo e mafura a, - pokello limatlafatsi ka batho le liphoofolo. Ho etsa mosebetsi oa kwahelang mogote, mohloli matla, tshireletso ya phetha molao feela.

biopolymers tsoakiloeng ka ho hlophisoa ha libōpuoa tse phelang tse

Ho phaella ho tseo re li tšohlileng, ho na le tlhakantsuke tse sa tšoaneng tsa metsoako e phahameng-ea limolek'hule. Joalo biopolymers - e tsoakiloeng rarahaneng sebopeho liprotheine le lipids (lipoprotein) kapa ya polysaccharides le liprotheine (glycoproteins). motswako wa lipids le polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) Hape ke ho ka khonehang.

E mong le e ba biopolymers tsena e na le mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse ngata tseo ho phetha ka libōpuoa tse phelang tse 'maloa tsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa: ho tsamaisa, ba bontsa, receptor, taolo, enzymatic, kaho le ba bang ba bangata. sebopeho bona ke lik'hemik'hale e rarahaneng haholo le sa baemeli ba tsohle decrypted, kahoo mosebetsi e sa ka botlalo hlalosoa. Hona joale, eo tsejoa feela ho atileng ka ho fetisisa, empa karolo e khōlō ea mesaletsa ea meeli ea tsebo ea motho.