Ba lokisetsa ho ea ammonia ho liteko tsa laboratori le tekanyo e liindasteri

Ammonia (NH3) ke komponeng lik'hemik'hale tsa hydrogen le naetrojene. Ho ile ha fihla lebitso la oona ho tswa ho lentsoe la Segerike «hals ammniakos» kapa Latin «saal ammoniacus» eo fetolela Odinokova - "ammonia". Ke ntho e bitswang ammonium chloride ile a fumana ka Ägyptisch ea lehoatata setalana Ammonium.

Ammonia ho nkoa ntho chefo haholo hore ke khona ho halefisa ba lera la mucous ea mahlo le pampitšana matšoafo. Matšoao o ka sehloohong oa chefo ammonia e lacrimation ka tsela e feteletseng, dyspnea le ho ruruha methapo. Ka nako e tšoanang, ammonia - k'hemik'hale ea bohlokoa eo ho pharaletseng sebediswa bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho ea acid inorganic, mohlala, nitric, cyanide, hammoho le urea le ea naetrojene letsoai. Mokelikeli ammonia - ke o babatsehang ho sebetsa mahareng refrigerated lik'hontheinara le mechine, kaha e na le mocheso o moholo itseng tsa vaporization. Ea metsi ammonia ditharollo li sebelisoa e le manyolo mokelikeli hammoho le bakeng sa ammoniation superphosphate manyolo, 'me metsoako lona.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea ammonia ho tswa khase flue nakong coking ke mokhoa fetisisa ea boholo-holo 'me haholo a fumaneha, empa ho letsatsi ho e feta' me e hoo e batlang e sebediswa.

Morao-rao le tsa motheo mokhoa ke ho hlahisa ammonia ho indasteri e thehiloeng ho tshebetso Haber. mozindo lona ke sebelisana e tobileng ea naetrojene le hydrogen, eo e hlaha ka lebaka la tšokoloho ea likhase hydrocarbon. The feedstock tloaelo ho hlaha khase ea tlhaho, likhase, oli e tala ea tlhoekiso, likhase oli e tala ea fetang likhase barrel tswa ho hlahisa acetylene. mokhoa oa ho hlahisa ammonia ho sokoloha le bopilwe ka a bolang le methane e le homologs lona le dikarolo phahameng mocheso oa haedrojene le k'habone monoxide le oxidants - oksijene le mouoane ea metsi. Ha khase ena e admixed ho e fetohang oksijene-ntlafatsa moea, kapa moea sepakapakeng. Qalong, ba itšoara joang ho hlahisa ammonia motheong oa khase fihlella tshokolloho phallang ho tloha mocheso, empa le ea fokotseha ka bophahamo ba modumo ea lihlahisoa qalang ea kamoo ba ileng ba:

N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + 45,9 KJ

Leha ho le joalo, ho hlahisa ammonia o pharalletse indasteri e phethahatsoa sebelisa sethothetsi le tlas'a maemo a maiketsetso tseo ho dumella ho eketsa ka lihlahisoa ya sehlahiswa o qetile. Ka sepakapaka, moo ba lokisetsa ho ea ammonia eketsa khatello ea ho atmospheres 350, 'me mocheso o phahama ho likhato tse 500 Celsius. Tlas'a maemo ana, lihlahisoa tsa ammonia - ka 30%. Khase tlosoa libaka ba itšoara joang ka tsela Cooling mokhoa, 'me naetrojene le hydrogen, eo ha a ileng a itšoara ba khutlela tswakana lenaneng la' me e ka hape le seabo itšoare ka. Nakong tswakana ho ke habohlokoa haholo ho hloekisa khase motsoako tloha chefo sethothetsi, dintho ea nang le bokhoni nullify ho etswa ha bohato. thepa joalo ke mouoane ea metsi, CO Joalokaha, P, Se, O2, S.

E le sethothetsi ka naetrojene le tswakana hydrogen liphetoho sebeletsa porous tšepe motsoako ya aluminium le potassium oxides. Feela ntho tsohle 20 sekete pele o ile a leka, a etsa ntho equilibrium itšoara joang. Molao-motheo ona oa ho fumana ammonia ke litšenyehelo haholo.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea ammonia ka laboratoring thehiloeng displacement thekenoloji e tsoa ho e le letsoai le ammonium tsa alkalis matla. Dira ditshwantsho, ba itšoara joang ke e latelang:

2NH4CI + Ca (OH) 2 = 2NH3 ↑ + CaCl2 + 2H2O

kapa

NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 ↑ + NaCl + H2O

Ho tlosa mongobo feteletseng le ammonia omileng, e feta har'a motsoako oa hydroxide sodium le kalaka. Ba lokisetsa ho ea ammonia omme haholo e finyelloa ka dissolving tšepe sodium ho eona le morago ga moo e distillation tsa motsoako. Maemong a mangata liphetoho tse joalo li etsoa ka mokhoa oa koetsoeng tlas'a tšepe lephaka. Ho feta moo, tsamaiso ea joalo lokela ho mamella khatello e phahameng eo e finyelloa koteleme tsoa le mouoane ammonia ho atmospheres 10 ka mocheso kamore.