Acetylcholine - e neurotransmitter methapo ea kutlo nyakallo. Acetylcholine: makgetheng, lihlahisoa, thepa

передатчик нервного возбуждения в ЦНС, окончаниях парасимпатических нервов и вегетативных ганглиях. Acetylcholine - e fetisang methapo ea kutlo e CNS nyakallo, ho parasympathetic dipheletso methapo ea kutlo le autonomic ganglia. Ho etsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa e hlophisitsweng, bophelo. mesebetsi tšoanang na amino acid, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline. Acetylcholine ke e mong oa mechine pulse length bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bokong. A re hlahlobeng taba ena ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane.

Overview

Qetellong ea faeba ho tloha eo neurotransmitter acetylcholine fetisetsa bitsoang cholinergic. Ho phaella moo, ho na le thepa ea motheo e khethehileng eo ka eona e le sebedisana ka. Ba ba bitsoa receptors cholinergic. likarolo tsena e rarahane limolek'hule protheine - nucleoproteins. отличаются тетрамерной структурой. Acetylcholine receptors fapana tetrameric sebopeho. Ba leng teng holim'a metsi ka ntle la lero la mali (e postsynaptic) lera. Ka tlhaho bona, limolek'hule tsena li heterogeneous.

Ka lithuto tsa liteko, 'me e sebelisetsoa merero ya kalafi lithethefatsi "acetylcholine chloride" fanoa ka tharollo bakeng sa ente. medicaments tse ling e thehiloeng ntho ena ha e fumanehe. Ho na le synonymes ea lithethefatsi: "Miohol", "Atsekolin", "Tsitoholin".

Classification tsa protheine choline

Ba bang ba limolek'hule ba sebakeng sa postganglionic methapo cholinergic. Sena ke sebaka sa mesifa boreleli, pelo, le litsoelesa. Ba ba bitsoa limithara-cholinergic receptors - muskarinochuvstvitelnye. liprotheine tse ling li teng ka synapses le ganglion le neuromuscular dibopeho somatic. Ba li bitsoa receptors n g-cholinergic - nikotinochuvstvitelnymi.

litlhaloso

The tlhophiso ka holimo ke itšoare ka e loketseng khethehileng hore ho etsahala'ng ha tsena sebelisana tsamaiso ea skeletal le acetylcholine. , в свою очередь, объясняет причины некоторых процессов. Sena, le eena, o hlalosa lebaka leo ba bang ba dithulaganyo. Mohlala, phokotso khatello, secretion ntlafatsoa tsa gastric le litsoelesa ba bang mathe, bradycardia, joalo-joalo 'me pupillary constriction. Muskarinochuvstvitelnye tlas'a tšusumetso ka liprotheine le khutsufatso ea mesifa ya marapo le tse ling tse joalo. Nikotinochuvstvitelnye holim' a pepesehela molek'hule ena. Lilemong tsa morao-rao, bo-rasaense ba qalile ho arola limithara-cholinergic receptors ka lesikeng la. Ka ho fetisisa o ile a ithuta kajeno karolo e phethoang le diriswa tsa M1 le M2 limolek'hule.

The khethehileng ea phello ea

не избирательный элемент системы. Acetylcholine - sena ha se e elements ea tsamaiso ea likhetho. Ka sa tšoaneng likhato, e ama ka bobeli m- le n g-limolek'hule. thahasellong ea Muskarinopodobnoe ke tšusumetso e fana ka acetylcholine. воздействие проявляется в замедлении сердечного ритма, расширении кровеносных сосудов (периферических), активизации перистальтики кишечника и желудка, сокращении мышц матки, бронхов, мочевого, желчного пузыря, интенсификации секреции бронхиальных, потовых, пищеварительных желез, миозе. e le hantle ena e bontša ka boeona e ka slowing ho otla ha pelo, dilation ea methapo ea mali (pheriferale), Tshebediso ya ya motility mala le mala, mesifa uterine, bronchus, senya, senya nyooko, le intensification ea maro bronchial, mofufutso, litsoelesa tshilong ya dijo, myositis.

constriction tsa thaka ea

Chitja iris e mesifa innervated ke likhoele postganglionic ka methapo oculomotor, e qala ka nako le matla fokotswa ciliate. Tabeng ena, ho na le ke phutholohile Zinn ligaments. Phello ke spasm ea tsa bodulo. Constriction tsa thaka ea, ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea acetylcholine, hangata a tsamaea le ea fokotseha khatello intraocular. le phello ena ho bakoa ke keketseho ea karolo khetla ka kanale Schlemm e le ka libaka tse semelo sa fontanovyh miosis le flattening ea iris e. Ena e ntlafatsa le outflow ea mokelikeli ho tswa ho ka hare tsa maro a leihlo.

на основе других подобных ему веществ используются при лечении глаукомы. Le bokhoni ba ho fokotsa khatello ea intraocular ka acetylcholine, formulations thehilwe hodima dintho tse ding tse tshwanang sebediswa ea ho phekola ba glaucoma. Tsena li akarelletsa, ka ho khetheha, e kenyeletsa mahlahana anticholinesterase, cholinomimetics.

Nikotinochuvstvitelnye liprotheine

обуславливается его участием в процессе передачи сигналов с преганглионарных нервных волокон на постганглионарные, находящиеся в вегетативных узлах, и с двигательных окончаний на поперечнополосатые мышцы. Nikotinopodobnoe bohato ba acetylcholine bakoang ke ho ba le seabo hae ka tshebetso ya ho transduction pontšo tswa preganglionic likhoele methapo ea kutlo postganglionarnae tse ka nodes ea vegetative le dipheletso dilenaneo ka mesifa striated. Ka tekanyetso tlaase ntho e sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le e fetisang ea tsoheloa fisioloji. , то может развиться стойкая деполяризация в районе синапсов. Ha acetylcholine e ntse e eketseha, ho ka 'na ba phehellang depolarization tsa synapses sebakeng seo. Hape ho na le monyetla oa ho thibela ho fetiswa ha nyakallo.

CNS

играет роль передатчика сигналов в различных мозговых отделах. Acetylcholine 'meleng sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le e fetisang pontšo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa boko. Ka concentrations tlaase ho ka fokotsa, 'me ka e kholo - lieha litakatso tsa hasoa synaptic. Liphetoho ka metabolism ka 'na kenya letsoho hore ho mafu a boko. психотропной группы. Ba khahlanong le lōna, e bapisoa le acetylcholine - psychotropic lithethefatsi sehlopha. Ha ba overdose ka 'na la hlaha ho tlōla mesebetsi e phahameng ea methapo (litla hallucinogenic joalo-joalo).

le tswakana tsa acetylcholine

E hlaha ka cytoplasm tsa dipheletso methapo ea kutlo. Metšoasong ntho sebakeng boemelong presynaptic ka sebōpeho sa woman take bubble. The ketsahalo e sa bokgoni ba bohato isang ho lokolloa ha acetylcholine ho tloha "capsules" makholo a 'maloa ka lefarung synaptic. Dintho lokolloa vesicles tlama ho lera postsynaptic le limolek'hule itseng. Sena se eketsa e lumellang metsi ho kena lona ho sodium, k'halsiamo le potassium ions. Phello ke excitatory postsynaptic hlahelang. Phello ea acetylcholine e felle feela ka ho hydrolysis lona amang atsetilholiesterazy potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale.

Physiology limolek'hule nicotinic

Tlhaloso pele kgothaletswa intracellular tjhajoloha tse khonehang motlakase. Nicotinic receptor bile e mong oa ba pele, e neng e khona ho ngola maqhubu phallang ka mocha e le 'ngoe. Boemong e sabaletseng e ka feta meetly ions K + le Na +, ho e monyenyane isa tekanyong divalent cations. Tabeng ena e ba kanale conductivity e bontša ka boleng kamehla. Ka nako ea puso e sabaletseng, Leha ho le joalo, sebetsang sebakeng sa hae le litšobotsi tse itšetlehile ka le monyetla oa gagamalo sebelisoa ho receptor ena. Ho feta moo, ea bobeli e le tsitsisoa nakong ea phetoho ea ho tloha depolarization tsa lera hyperpolarization. Ho phaella moo, ho na le lipono tse makatsang tsa desensetizatsii. E hlaha ka mor'a kopo ka nako e telele ya acetylcholine le tse ling tse khahlanong le lōna hore fokotsa receptor nahanela le ho eketseha ka nako ya bulehileng boemo le kanaleng.

tlhotlheletso motlakase

Dihydro-β-eritroidin ho na le masakana nicotinic receptors ka boko le methapo ea kutlo ganglia holim 'tsoelo-pele ea ka karabelo cholinergic. Ba ile ba boela ba tšoauoa ka phahameng amana amana le tritium-ngotsweng bokoali. Nahanela αBGT receptors neural ka hippocampus ho na le susceptibility tlaase ea acetylcholine, ho fapana le likarolo αBGT-nahaneleng. Botjha ha thepa le khetha tlhōlisano antagonist tsa liketso pele metillikakonitin.

Itseng derivatives anabeziina qholotsa e khetha Tshebediso ya phello sehlopha αBGT-receptors. The conductivity ea le kanaleng Ion e lekaneng phahameng. receptors tsena fapana dipharologantsho gagamalo-itšetlehileng ka eona. Obschekletochny jwale le thuso ya depolarization makgabane e. bokgoni ba bontšang phokotso ea ions ho feta metjha e le.

ketsahalo ena e ka tsela eo laoloa ka Mg2 + dikahare tsa thepa ea motheo e tharollo. Sena, sehlopha sena se fapane le ho receptors mesifa seleng. Ea bobeli ha feta liphetoho leha e le lefe Ion jwale ho fetola melao ea boitšoaro ea bokgoni ba lera. Ka tsela eo N-methylene-D-aspartate receptor, ho ba le e lumellang metsi ho kena mong ka Ca2 + bakeng sa likarolo, e bontša ka boemo ba khutlisetsang. Le eketseha bokgoni hyperpolarizing ho eketsa diteng tsa melemo le Mg2 + ions, ho Ion jwale e thibetsoeng.

Features muscarinic limolek'hule

M-cholinergic receptors e matleng a hae ho serpentivnyh sehlopha sa. Ba fetisetsa litakatso tsa ka heterotrimeric G-liprotheine. Group muscarinic receptor e se e tsejoa ka lebaka la ho thepa ea bona ho amahanya ho muscarine alkaloid. Tsela e sa tobang, limolek'hule tsena li 'nile tsa hlalosoa ka mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo ho ithuta liphello tsa curare. Ka ho toba hlahloba sehlopha sena o ile a qala ka ho lilemo tse 20-30. le lekholong la lilemo la e tšoanang ka mor'a ho hlwaya ka komponeng e le neurotransmitter acetylcholine, e leng fanang pulse length ka synapses neuromuscular. M liprotheine tse butswe tlas'a tšusumetso ea muscarine le koetse atropine, n g-butswe limolek'hule le tlas'a tšusumetso ea bokoali le koetse curare.

Mora palo e khōlō ea subtypes di lemoha ka lihlopha bobeli receptors. The synapse neuromuscular na feela bokoali molek'hule. receptors Muscarinic li fumanoa lisele tsa litsoelesa le mesifa, hammoho le - le n g-holinoretseptorami - ka methapo ea kutlo ea CNS le ganglia neural.

mesebetsi

receptors Muscarinic rua kaofela sete ya thepa a fapaneng. Pele ho tsohle, ba ile ba ba teng ka ganglia ikemetseng le a tloha ho bona likhoele postganglioznyh, tse reretsoeng ho liphofu makala. Hona ho supa receptors e amehang ka hasoa le litla parasympathetic diileketerone. Tsena li akarelletsa, ka mohlala, ho kenyeletsa khutsufatso ea mesifa boreleli, vasodilatation, e ile ea eketseha secretion ea litsoelesa, fokotsa lebelo leo pelo. CNS Cholinergic likhoele, e ba teng ka ho hlophisoa ha interneurons le synapses muscarinic ba concentrated haholo-holo ka ea cortex bokong, hippocampus, thibela nuclei, striatum. Libakeng tse ling ba ile ba ba fumana ka linomoro tse nyenyane tse. E bohareng limithara-cholinergic receptors ama molao oa tsamaiso ea ho robala, ya memori, ho ithuta le ho eloa hloko.