Tungsten valence. Properties le ho sebelisa tungsten

Lihlooho tse ling le tla ho dumella ho tloaela 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale thepa ea tungsten, bona lintlha tse qaqileng tsa a lula tlhaho, sebaka sa tlhahiso, se qalang tsa pale ena, le tse ling.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - ke elements ea Table nako le nako ba Mendeleev na mashome a supileng bone palo ea athomo e lumellana ho Latin tlhaku W. Ka maemo a tloaelehileng e na le 'mala o moputsoa-silevera, benyang, thata. Tsa bohle tungsten tšepe ke refractory fetisisa. E phahameng ho feta ea L, ntlha qhibiliha ea feela batho bao e seng tšepe - k'habone. E na le e phahameng lik'hemik'hale ho hanyetsa. Valence ea tungsten - polygonal.

History of sibolloa

Seswedishe setsebi sa k'hemistri Carl Wilhelm Scheele ka 1781, ba kopanela ka ho e lokisa ea acid e nitric scheelite, ka hlahisa tungsten trioxide - "lejoe le boima" mosehla. Lilemo tse peli hamorao, se a ntse a 1783-limithara, barab'abo rōna ba babeli Eluard, litsebi tsa metsoako qalong ho tswa Spain, sechaba ile a tsebisoa hore ba ne ba ka fumana ho tswa wolframite tšepe e ncha le oxide e - tungsten.

Morao-rao United States, France le Brithani o ile a sebelisa lebitso la tungsten bakeng tungsten, e fetolela ho tloha Sweden e le "lejoe le boima". Qalong, lentsoe ho ne ho bolela wolframium matsoai wolframite. Hamorao o fetela ho tšepe ka boeona.

Tungsten tsa tlhaho

Ho latela dipalelo Vinogradova, karolong e ka holimo Clarke palo tungsten lefatše ke ka 1.3 g, / sa t. The dikahare karolelano ea majoe lithaba, o r / sa t: asiti mafika - 1,9, karolelano - 1.2, motheo - 0.7 ultrabasic - 0,1.

The mehloli kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa tšepe ena e concentrated ka China, US, Canada le Kazakhstan, linaheng tse kang Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Russia le Korea Boroa ba le lintho tse nyenyane ka ho ipapisa le boletsoeng ka holimo States metšoasong. Ka selemo sa hlahisa tonnes ka bang limilione tse 49-50, eo 41 hlahisoang ke China ea arolelana Russia e tšoana le boima ba lithane tse 3,5, Kazakhstan - 0.7, 'me Australia - boima ba lithane tse 0.5.

Ho indasteri, karolo ka sehloohong e ileng ea fuoa wolframite le scheelite. Liminerale wolframite hangata e concentrated mafika granitic le mahloriso bona karolelano tšoana le phesente le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tse ka. Fetisisa hlahisa dinaheng hona ho rekisetsa mafatse tungsten. . Theko ea tšepe ena ke ena le phahameng le ka 'na ea fapana ho itšetlehile ka cha le mofuta oo e rekiswa (ho tloha ka 2172 ho 6250560 itlotsa.). The Exporters ka sehloohong ea tungsten nkoa UK, China le Australia. Imported ka ngata United States, Jeremane, Engelane le Japane.

Mekhoa bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho ea

Ba lokisetsa ho ea tungsten - tshebetso e entsoeng ka mehato e 'maloa keketseho ya. Pele ka thōko trioxide Wo ₃ ho tloha ka manya concentrates le tshebetso hlaphoheloa ka mor'a ho ea phofo tšepe le hydrogen tlas'a maemo a ka bang 700 ° C. Ka lebaka la ho ka ho fetisisa phahameng le qhibilihang ntlha tsela e molemohali ea ho fumana tšepe ena ke mokhoa oa ho metallurgy phofo. Ka mohato oa pele ea tungsten phofo e petelitsoe, Joale a li beha ka sepakapaka hydrogen le sintered tlas'a maemo a ka bang 1200-1300 ° C. Ho ekelletsa moo tlas'a hona joale motlakase le futhumatsang mocheso e distilled ho likhato tse likete tse tharo, tshebetso ena e tsamaea le sintering, le tšepe fetoha monolith ka. Morago ga moo ba lokisetsa ho ea tungsten le tlhoekiso lona ho tswa ho sephetho le thepa monolithic etsahala maemo a libaka qhibiliha. Leha ho le joalo, tungsten phofo - sena ha se foromo feela ea ho lokisetsa hore tšepe. Ka ba lokisetsa ho ea W tloha pyrolysis tsa chloride e ka fumanoa se foromo metallic, empa e se ka diseke ee le phofo.

litšobotsi tse lik'hemik'hale boleng

Tungsten ke valence ya tlhaku polygonal, ho tloha tse peli tse ho ba tšeletseng. Foromo tsitsitseng ho fetisisa o ka valency botšelela. Di- le trivalent mefuta e meng ea metsoako e ke sa tsitsang le na le moelelo o khethehileng, ka ikwetlisetse sa sebelisoa. Tungsten e manganga haholo ho ts'enyeho ea tšepe. Kamoreng mocheso o dumella ho lula re ena le boemo ba kamehla ntle le ho ipeha tlas'a ts'enyeho; fihla incandescence mocheso o qala ho oxidize, eaba ba etsa oxide e tungsten (VI). Ke ea bobeli letotong la khatello ea maikutlo le theko morao hydrogen. Hoo e batlang e insoluble ka hydrofluoric le hlapolla acid e sulfuric. asiti Nitric le Aqua regia sesosa thulaganyou e holim'a metsi ho kena moea. Shoa hoa khoneha peroxide hydrogen.

A motsoako oa asiti hydrofluoric le nitric qhalana hantle tungsten:

2mon + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à bf ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (khase ho iphetola ha lintho) + 7H ₂ O.

Ka ho ba teng ha oxidants ka a ileng a itšoara ka a alkali entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa:

2mon + 4NaOH ₃ + 3O ₂ à 2Na ₂ Wo ₄ + 2H ₂ O.

The mehlala holimo liphetoho tsoela pele butle haholo, empa ka fihla boemong ba 400 ° C le tungsten intša futhumatsang ea tshebetso karabelong e potlakisa, ka nako eaba ba etsa e khōlō palo ya mocheso. Liphetoho tse amang tlhokeho oksijene fihla letšoao 500 ° C, ho tšepe feela qala ho futhumatsa ho fihlela.

Qhala ka motsoako oa acid hydrofluoric le nitric isang ho acid e sebopeho geksaftorvolframovoy - H ₂ [bf _6]. Ea tsebahalang metsoako tsohle tungsten li nkoa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa anhydride tungsten trioxide kapa tungsten, tungstate, e peroxy komponeng le Me ₂ Wo _X, le ntho e tswang S, C, 'me halogen sehlopha likarolo.

The thepa ea mofuta 'meleng

Tungsten ke khanya ea bohlooho benyang tšepe. Tungsten mocheso ka nako ya qhibiliha le belisoe fihla phahameng ka ho fetisisa elevations Celsius bapisoa le lirafshoa tse ling. Ho na le likhopolo-taba tse seaborgium na le ho feta tshebetso qhibiliha le belisoe lintlha, empa ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle e le hore a "maphelo" ke le monyenyane haholo, ke ke ha khoneha ho bua ka ho nepisisa, ho tloha ho e sa proven ke teko. Tungsten qala ho qhibiliha ka 3695 K, ha a phehile, fihla 5828 K. W Net segokanyipalo e haufi le khauta - dikgerama 19,25 ka disentimitara dikhubu. O e tšoauoa ka ho ba le litsobotsi paramagnetic. Ho ya ka go lekanya entsprechen Brinell thatafala ke 488 lik'hilograma / limilimithara ^2. Likhato mashome a mabeli Celsius na le resistivity la 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * limithara, empa ka maemo a mocheso oa 2700 ° C resistivity index ea eketsa ho fihlela ho 904: x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. Molumo hlahellang ho tloha susumeletsa tungsten ka lebelo la 4290 limithara / c.

E 'ngoe ea tšepe ea litloebelele le thatafala phahameng le ntlha qhibiliha tsa e khōlō lebesisisa tungsten. The thepa tse tlholeho ho eona, fumana hore na boleng ba oona ka 'maraka lefatše le etsa hore tšebeliso bophara. le matla a ho mamella mocheso ho phahame dumella kgolo sebelisoa tekanyo e tungsten. Terata, maqephe a 'me ba bangata ho feta ho dumella ho bopa mekgwa e sebeletsa lilemo tse ngata, batho ba bangata. Kwa tšoanang le polatinamo. Boemong e hloekileng ha e chesang ho 1600 ° C le ka hantle ho theha.

Tšebeliso ea tšepe e hloekileng

The mokhoa motheo ea ho sebelisa tungsten - motheo ka lintho tse bonahalang refractory ho indasteri e metallurgical.

Polasetiki le refractory thepa - sena ke seo e tsebahala ka tungsten. Terata tsa tšepe ena ke ba bohlokoa haholo ho le disebediswa tse ne a rerile hore mabone. Picture methapo le methapo tse ling le lephaka le o boetse o ho pharaletseng sebelisoa W.

Argon selikalikoe tjheseletsa sitoa ho etsa ntle le li-electrode ho entseng le tungsten. Lephaka hanyetsa sebōpi boela a sebelisa e le karolo ea futhumatsang, 'me sena motsoako tšepe e sebediswa e le rhenium thermocouple.

The segokanyipalo sa ea phahameng o dumella ho sebelisa e le motheo oa mofuta boima motsoako sebelisoa e le counterweight bakeng sa lihlomo tsa phunya sabot liboto le projectile libetsa likhetla sagittal, liboto tsa lihlomo tsa phunya mahlaahlela 'me esita le gyro botsitso fofang ballistic lerumo.

Tungsten ka sebeletsa e le ho bolela o babatsehang oa mofuta ionizing tsa mahlaseli a kotsi. Le hoja ho o na le segokanyipalo sa e phahameng le, haholo-holo ha a bapisoa le a etella pele tloaelehileng, ke boima ba 'mele ea boemo ba e lekanang ho fana ka tšireletso ea liaparo kapa thepa ea teng le ho e sebelisa habonolo. Infusibility thepa le thatafala thatafatsa sebetsa, 'me ka lebaka leo ka Maemong a joalo hangata e na le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa tungsten le nikele, hammoho le tšepe, koporo le tšepe tse ling.

Ho indasteri e ho bōpa e fapaneng dihlahiswa tiileng sebelisa tungsten. Lakane, phofo tungsten, 'me molamu-li-electrode - e mong oa mefuta e atileng ka ho fetisisa tsa khumo ea W.

Tšebeliso ea metsoako e

Machining tsa tšepe tse sa tšoaneng, hammoho le thepa tse etsang mofuta bao e seng metallic ea meaho le boenjiniere, ho cheka le thulaganyo meepo sebelisa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng matla le thepa le likarolo tse ngata mofuta thehiloeng ho carbide tungsten, motsoako oa thaethaniamo carbide, tantalum carbide le carbide tungsten. Litempe tungsten entseng ho tloha thepa tsena li arotsoe ka T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, le VK6 VK4. Litempe TT sehlopha feela sebediswa bakeng sa maemo a thata haholo machining ka e ile ea eketseha ho rarahana. A mohlala o ka sehloohong e ka sebeletsa e le makala-thulaganyou e oa rotary cheka perforator kapa tsoarellang lintho tse bonahalang ho etsa thepa betloa ha tšepe le phahameng mocheso ho hanyetsa. W e sebelisoa e le elements alloying tsa tšepe le lits'epe tse kopantsoeng e thehiloeng tšepe. "Ea Phahameng lebelo" tšepe lettered labels ho qala ka P, ho feta 90% ya karolo eo kenyelletsa ditokiseletso tungsten.

Ka linako tse ling tungsten metsoako fapaneng tse sebelisoang e le ho etswa ha kapa ka mebala, phahameng mocheso selogetsi bakeng sa phetoho ea matla mocheso ka foromo ea motlakase.

Tungsten le baeloji

Tungsten tšepe e sa nkoa e le sa bohlokoa thutong ea baeloji, empa libaktheria tse ling li 'me archaea e le karolo ea enzyme bona ba na le karolo ena, e leng ka site ya sebetsang. mehloli e ka bang tebileng hydrothermal mofuta archaebacteria u phele-hyperthermophiles, li nkoa e itšetlehileng ka tungsten obligately. Ho ba teng ha tšepe ena ka potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho hlophisoa e nkoa e le relic ea mathoasong a lekholo Archean nako, ka mantsoe a mang, e ka khona ho nahana hore ponahalo ea pele ea bophelo lefatšeng e ile ea etsahala ka ho kenya letsoho ha W.

E le karolo hlaheletseng tsa tšepe mang, tungsten le lerole le etsa hore ho teneha litho le ho hema.

liforomo isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten hlahang ho yona tsa tlhaho kenyelletsa ditokiseletso motsoako oa liforomo tse hlano tse sa tšoaneng tsa isotopes, e leng: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 boima%.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) le ¹⁸⁶ w (28,41%). Valency tungsten polygonal, 'me kamehla e lumellana ka palo ea 2 ho ea ho 6, foromo efe kapa efe ya isotope ena.

By 2016 ho ile ha etsoa se a ntse a tsejoa e mashome a mararo a metso e tšeletseng e entsoeng ke motho maiketsetso mefuta e meng ea tungsten tsejoa radionuclides le linomoro boima 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. Open tungsten tlhaho li etsahala radioactivity e ne e le ka 2003, empa sekhahla lona e tlaase ka ho fetisisa, e leng ho lumellanang le hoo e ka bang disintegrations tse peli ka a mob mobile ka selemo, 'me boemo ba ho hlepha hona ke tšepe α-tšebetso.

Qetellong

Boholo ba tšepe refractory o teng e tungsten. Properties tlholeho, re lumella ho fumana sebaka se ka mefuta e fapaneng mefuta e sa mesebetsi indasteri ea batho, ho tloha le boenjiniere le ho ipolaea le sireletsoe ho mahlaseli a kotsi. Metal ho ile ha buloa le kakanyo feela e habeli, ka lilemo tse peli ntle, empa ha Scheele kapa barab'abo rōna ba Eluard se hlile ha se ipolelang hore lokeloe ho tlotla sibolloa hae. The valence ea tungsten ke polygonal le nka e le boleng ba a mabeli ho a tšeletseng, empa, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe pejana, mofuta o tsitsitseng ka ho fetisisa o na le tse tšeletseng tse valence. Ho manganga haholo ho ts'enyeho, ka itšoara ka alkali le qhalwa ho ya ka motsoako oa acid hydrofluoric le nitric.

Litempe tungsten arotsoe ka nomoro e khōlō ea mefuta ea ka mokhoa oa ho bolaoa, foromo eo tšepe, 'me tšimo ea eona ea kopo. Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea isotope eona, 'me karolo ea lintho tsa tlhaho e hampe tšoauoa thepa ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi le butle haholo disintegrates. Motheo bakeng sa plurality tsa likarolo le likarolo a qenehela, e mengata e fapaneng a maqheka le thepa e sebelisoang ke motho, ke tungsten. Esita le theko ka ho ya ka kilogerama tšepe e haholo phahameng, empa leha ho le joalo ha ho fokotsa tlhokeho ya ho, ka lebaka la boleng lona le lumellane le boleng eo o ile a kōpa.