The lera seleng e se e 'ngoe? Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa lera la li-cell

Ke nadmembrannym mehahong lisele tse dimela, li-fungus le libaktheria tse ling li e sebetsa sebopeho kang lerako la bona. Sehlooho sena se tla hlahloba sebopeho sa leboteng seleng ea ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa lintho tse phelang, 'me le tsona tsa hlakisoa mesebetsi e etsang. E le o tsejoa, karolo ena e ile ea pele sibolloa ke Senyesemane rasaense Robert Hooke a lekholo la bo17 la lilemo. Hlokomela hape hore lera seleng e le siyo liphoofolo le 'ngoe-e nang le sele,' me tse phelang multicellular, ho tloha coelenterates le ho ipolaea le vertebrates: tlhapi, sehahabi, lihahabi, linonyana le liphoofolo tse anyesang.

Ke hobane'ng ha u lokela ho

Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore sebopeho le lik'hemik'hale tsa fungal leboteng, limela le drobyanok fapana, lera seleng ea mosebetsi ba tšoana haholo. Pele ho tsohle, ho ke ke ho sireletsa cytoplasm le organelles lona tšusumetsong e kotsi ea lintlha tikoloho.

Next: nadmembranny rarahaneng ke tšehetso mabitso a mang e ka tšeptjoang le fana ka matla a ka lisele tse ea limela le li-fungus. Tlase re tla hlahloba ka ho qaqileng kamoo sebopeho khetla e ya kokangana le mesebetsi eo e etsa.

Features ya leboteng seleng e ea limela

Sebopeho sena phelang semela na le e le hantle a polymer bao e leng sehlopha sa polysaccharides - selulose. moralo lona limolek'hule ho tšoana le hore ba meroho starch (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) n g.} Macromolecules tsa polysaccharide na le litlhaka kahare ea beta-tsoekere, 'me ba le feela mohaho guttate, kahoo ba ile ba ka theha likhoele, bokella ka dingata. Ba theha e robust foreime seleng ea leboteng -depth ka popeho colloidal, eo hape a qapa haholo-holo ya lik'habohaedreite - hemicelluloses le pectin. Hape, selulose hangata e fumanoa likarolong tse ling tsa limela, mohlala, k'hothone faeba ya 99% bopilwe selulose hloekileng, folaxe le hemp na le eona ka chelete ea 75-80% le lehong - ho fihlela ho 55%. E le pele e neng e boletsoeng, ho sebetsa ha lera la seleng e bakoa ke lintho tse phelang ho dinama tse nyenyane tse e leng ho kena.

Ntle selulose leboteng e na lihaha-'mele, lipids le thepa inorganic. Ka mohlala, ka mabota seleng ea ka ea limela e phahameng spore - horsetails - kenyeletsa ka silicon dioxide, ho joalo le ka dimela ka boeona e ke thata haholo 'me tsoarellang le ke inedible liphoofolo. E mong oa le dikarolo ea eaba ba etsa le bakoang ea limela perennial 'me a bitsa stopper, bakoang ke ka likhetla mafura-joaloka ntho - suberin. Ka lebaka leo, ho cytoplasm le organelles lona oa putlama le lisele li ka phetha feela mosebetsi thekga. (oprobkovevanie bakoang).

Haeba pakeng tsa selulose likhoele ipokellela lignin, hemicellulose hammoho le eona kgothaletsa ho phetha molao matla ea litlhaka 'me re susumetsoa ea limela tsa mefuta e Woody, le ka mebala tse lignin, sesosa coloration lehong. Leboteng hape kenyelletsa ditokiseletso pores lined le lera, e leng fana ka lipalangoang tsa dintho.

Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa lera la li-cell ea li-fungus

Baemeli ba lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa li-fungus motheo leboteng e chitin - e polysaccharide, e leng e fumana hape le masapo le ka ntle la arthropods le ka libaktheria tse ling li. Nadmembrannye mehahong li-fungus le tsona li na le selulose le phoofolo e starch - glycogen. Mohlala, sebōpeho sa leboteng tomoso seleng ea lik'hemik'hale e emeloang haholo-holo lik'habohaedreite - glucan le mannan. Wall ka boeona e ho bona ke matla ka ho lekaneng 'me o hampe ho thuisoa ka pampitšana gastrointestinal ea liphoofolo, kahoo limatlafatsi tse ha e fumanehe habonolo le tomoso ha ba ikakhela ka setotsoana epithelium ya intestine nyenyane.

Features libaktheria

Ha lera seleng e le siyo ka protists, prokaryotes joale e na le sebopeho rarahaneng haholo, ho akarelletsa le murein ka, lipoproteins le lipopolysaccharides, le asiti teichoic. leboteng lipopolysaccharides kgothaletsa mamarello ea libaktheria ho mefuta e fapaneng ya substrates, ho etsa mohlala, ho enamel leino kapa ho lera la eukaryotes. Ka hona, le ka seleng leboteng ea libaktheria leha ho le joalo e na le thepa antigenic.

libaktheria ho fetisisa holimo leboteng koahetsoeng mucous komiki (capsid), e leng moo ka teng lera mong sireletsang - peplos. Ho itšetlehile ka sebopeho sa eona, ka maekoroboiloji libaktheria tsohle tse arotsoe ka a mob mobile ea HIV le a mob mobile-negative.

Khethollo ea libaktheria ke skeletal sebopeho

mokhoa ea thusa ho khetholla prokaryotes ka specifics ea sebopeho lik'hemik'hale ea likhetla tsa bona, o ne a sisintsweng ke Sedanishe rasaense G. mob mobile ho elella lekholong la lilemo la XIX. O ile a fumana hore mefuta e meng ea libaktheria tse silafalitsoeng hantle aniline lidae le theha metsoako tsitsitseng pherese mmala tse etsang lera seleng.

Joalo a mob mobile prokaryotes positive, ba 'nile ba e mong ea bitsoang: ka mohlala, Staphylococcus le Streptococcus. Kaofela ha bona ke bonolo hore palo ea lithibela-mafu ka penicillin le actinomycin. libaktheria tse ling tse, e bitsoang mob mobile-mpe, u se ke letheba le methylene bopherese. Ba manganga ho penicillin, hobane ba na le tiileng tlase e lumellang metsi ho kena komiki le leboteng ka seleng. Tsena li akarelletsa Salmonella, Shigella, Helicobacter. Seleng lera ea libaktheria, le nang le mokgwa o fapaneng lik'hemik'hale, ke bohlokoa microbiological litšobotsi tsa tse tlalehiloeng ka pharmacology le meriana.

Features ya mycoplasmas

A re ke re nahana ka sehlopha ea libaktheria tse nyenyane haholo - mycoplasma. lithuto tse nyenyane e ne e bontšitse hore lera seleng e ke le sieo ka tsona, kahoo mycoplasmas nahanela lithibela-mafu tse itseng, tse kang tetracycline. Mycoplasmas tse abuoeng ka tlhaho, ke causative mahlahana a mafu a tse ngata, ho akarelletsa le tsamaiso ea batho urogenital.

Fetisisa mycoplasma ka metabolism bona ho hlokahala ho sebelisa oksijene 'me ba ka thata-thata aerobes. E le likokoana-hloko tsa batho le liphoofolo tse anyesang, ba atisa ka potlako, e le ka ho hlophisoa ha ke le seleng lera la ho ba teng ha k'holeseterole, eo ke substrate e tšoanelang bakeng sa kgolo le ho ikatisa ya mycoplasmas.

Tlwaetsa ka bonolo

Pejana ho moo, re ho builoeng 'nete ea hore lera seleng e le siyo ka ciliates le liphoofolo tse ling le' ngoe-e nang le sele, ho etsa mohlala, rhizopods. Zoologists fumana hore protista ke ka ho feletseng phoofolo phelang, le nang le mesebetsi kaofela: kgolo ya, ho ikatisa, phepo e nepahetseng, respiration, excretion. Ho feta moo, ho lula tikolohong metsing kapa ba mobu o mongobo, protists phethile ka tšesaane lera ho tsamaisa metsi le matsoai letsoai, e leng ka tikoloho Link le ka thōko lero la mali lera ka pores tsona lihlahisoa tshilong ya dijo. Ka hona, ha ho na e rarahaneng unicellular liphoofolo tse nadmembrannyh mehahong eo e idioadaptatsy ho lintlha tsa maemo ambient.

Ho sireletsa le ho boloka botšepehi ba protozoa khetla na pelikulu - denser ntle lera ectoplasm. Ka lebaka pelikule le elasticity le durability e hlokomelwa sebopeho sa khaotseng tsa 'mele oa phoofolo e ya.

Ka pampiri ena, sebopeho le lik'hemik'hale tsa lera la seleng ea ka e se e ile a ithuta litšobotsi tsa dimela lisele tse ea lintho, hammoho le libaktheria le li-fungus.