Solovetsky sehlekehleke sena 'me maeto lona. Mokhoa oa ho fumana ho ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Solovetsky, seo ho bona

Solovetsky Islands ke sebaka se ikhethang. Ka sehlopha sa lihlekehleke tse nyenyane tse ka White Sea e ntshetswa pele e ikhethang tlhaho, ea histori le setso rarahaneng, ha ho na analogues lefatšeng. Kholo ka ho fetisisa le e nang le maeto ke sehlekehleke sa Solovki, eo ka lilemo tse makholo o sebetsang e tummeng Solovetsky baitlami.

mofuta

lihlekehlekeng tsa hlaha lilemo tse 9.000 fetileng e 'ngoe ea mekhahlelo ea sebopeho sa Leoatleng White, moo ka mor'a ho qhibiliha tsa glaciers kgolo hlahile compensatory kotombola mobu. 2/3 tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke sebakeng kaofela ae phethang Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Sehlopha sa lihlekehleke e teng ka libaka taiga. Ka ho fetisisa bohehang le naha tse sa tšoaneng tsa sehlekehleke sena: 'a maralla a phahameng itesella ho matša, lipalesa makhulo - mokhoabo oo. 70% ea sebaka seo e koahetsoe ke meru, haholo-holo phaene le phaene. About 5% ea sebaka seo e oela ka tundra mehahong. Dry voronichnye tundra tloaelehileng bakeng sa libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle moo ba lateloa ke sehlopha krivostvolnyh birch (birch matsoelintsoeke). Karolong e bohareng ba sehlekehleke sebakeng sa rema le mello etsahala birch le meru Aspen. Makhulo lebōpong la leoatle 'me e bohareng ba sehlekehleke sena ho lula 0.1-0.2% ya sebakeng palo yohle le ba tšoauoa ka morui, mefuta e hlophisoa Meadow limela. About 15% sa lihlekehleke tse bopang Marsh le predominance tsa upland le mefuta e mmuisi. Joalo e mengata e fapaneng naha, hlahiswa ka e leng sebaka se ka bang 300 km lisekoere, ke e 'ngoe ea tsela e makatsang ka ho fetisisa makgetheng tsa tlhaho tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke Solovetsky.

Lihlekehlekeng ho na le tse fetang 550 matša. Ba fapana ka boholo, sebopeho, hlahang ho yona, 'mala oa metsi, empa tsohle li bohehang haholo.

Li hokae Islands Solovetsky

Solovetsky sehlopha sa lihlekehleke e entsoeng ka lihlekehleke tse ka ka likhoeli tse tseletseng tse khōlō le tse fetang lekholo tse nyenyane, teng karolong e ka bophirimela ea White Sea ka 290 km le leboea-ka bophirimela ho motse oa Arkhangelsk, setsing sa sebakeng Arkhangelsk. Sebaka kakaretso ea lihlekehlekeng ke km 300 lisekoere. Li akarelletsa le lihlekehlekeng joaloka:

• Solovetsky (Solovetsky Large) - 218,72 km lisekoere;
• Anzersky - 47,11 km²;
• Fetisisa Muksalma - 18,96 km²;
• Tebang Muksalma - 1.2 km lisekoere;
• Big 3ayatsky - 1,25 km lisekoere;
• Nyenyane Zayatsky - 1,1 km².

pale

Histori ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Solovetsky qala ka ntshetsopele ya monna e Late Mesolithic. The III sa likete tse tharo BC litsomi leoatle le batšoasi ba litlhapi ba fumana Solovetsky Islands 'me a qala ntshetsopeleng ea bona e neng e ile ea nka ho fihlela Mehleng e Bohareng. Solovki fumana mesaletsa e mengata ea mesebetsi a bona a moruo-utilitarian le ea bolumeli: metsana fetang 20, likampong tsa le lithupelo, lihalalelo mane hammoho le libaka tsa boholo-holo, a mangata labyrinths Lejoe le 'ngoe, batho ba likete ba fumanoe mesebetsi ea matsoho.

baahi ba khale ba Solovki kopanela liphoofolo tse itseng ho tsoma leoatleng le sehlekehlekeng letšeng le moru papali, ho tšoasa litlhapi, 'me rathang mabopong, ho etsa lisebelisoa lejoe. Naheng ea libaka pokello ile ha fumanoa metsu, javelins, tsoma lilepe, lejoe liankora, letsopa, buka e ikhethang boemohali cheka selepe le lintho tse ling tse ngata. Baahi ba boholo-holo ba sehlopha sa lihlekehleke ba ne ba kopanela kahong ea labyrinths lejoe, eo hahoa sehalalelo.

Botlaaseng Stauropegial Solovetsky Monastery

Solovetsky sehlekehleke sohle e ile ea e sebaka sa baitlami e thehiloe ka 30s ea lekholong la lilemo la XV ne a tsoa Cyril oa Belozersk le Valaam Monastery baitlami Savvatii, Jeremane le Zosima e le bolulo ba "Mopholosi le Chudotvortsa Nikolaya". Nakong ea lilemo tse makholo XV-XVI. baitlami butle-butle eketseha, ho ka rua hae lihlekehlekeng tse khōlō tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke ena.

Ho ea qetellong ea le XV lekholong la lilemo la ke baitlami ba banna ba neng ba hahile likereke tseo tse tharo tsa lehong: khopolo, St. Nicholas le fetoha sebōpeho, tse ngata tse entsoeng ka lehong le lisele le outbuildings, kenyeleditsweng ke lekhoakhoa lehong.

Qhobosheaneng ba moea ba Russia North

Ka bohareng ba baitlami XVI lekholong la lilemo la kena e le nako ea liphetoho tsa hae ho tebile a moruo amanang le lebitso la Abbot Philip (Kolycheva), Raliphetoho, meralo ea ho haha, mahlahahlaha le talente nkita. Mona 1550-1560-ogy ba ileng ba tsoa tseleng, empa sehlekehleke sena e thehiloe ke B. Muksalma "lebese jareteng" le likhama le likhomo. Ho fana ka ea baahi ba baitlami metsi 52 le lihlekehlekeng Lake Solovetsky amanang metjha e noa. Bakeng sa tshireletso ka 1582-1594 GG. Ho ile ha etsoa lejoe leboteng le litora le liheke. Annunciation (Heke) hahiloe Kereke, ka 1596-1600 GG.

Lilemong tse lekholo tse XVII Solovetsky baitlami o ntse o etsoa e le tsa tsamaiso, ea moruo, ea moea, sesole, setsi sa lipolotiki le setso sa White Sea. Ka lilemo tse makholo XVIII-XX. E ne e le libaka tse tsa botlamuoa 'me ho kenngoa chankaneng ea batlōli ba molao ea lipolotiki.

ea puso ea Soviet Union

Ka mor'a phetoho e bileng teng ka 1917 a qala ya ho theha e Russia e ncha. Solovetsky Islands khaotsa ho ba setsi sa moea le baitlami ba ile ea felisoa. Ka April 1920, ho Arkhangelsk la provense Komisi qadile ho nationalization ya thepa ea baitlami ea. Ho ile ha hlophisoa ke Office lihlekehleke Solovki, 'me ka nako e tšoanang a hlophisa polasing "Solovki", eo e-ba teng ho fihlela ka 1923. Ho thehwa ha polasing ha ho bolele ho felisoa ha monasticism. About 200 baitlami ne basebetsi ntlhobolisa, ho ile ha hlophisoa ke mokhatlo oa bolumeli, bao mesebetsi di leihlo ke Ofisi ea Solovki lihlekehlekeng tse ling.

The Gulag sehlopha sa lihlekehleke

From 1923 ho 1939 sehlekehleke sena 'me mehaho eohle ea baitlami e kileng Solovetsky hapa Solovki kampong ea chankana NKVD (tlou). Hlophisitse motheong oa Kholmogory, Pertominskogo le Arkhangelsk, Solovki tlosoa kampong e ne e le e mong oa kholo ka ho fetisisa Russia. Sebopeho sa batšoaruoa ba ka SLON fetohile ka linako tse fapaneng. Har'a bona ho ne baemeli ba phahameng sechabeng Russia, kereke, barutehi, pele ho Revolutionary mekga tsohle tsa lipolotiki, likarolo senokoane se neng ba 'nile ba fumanoa a le molato oa litaba tsa malapeng, baemeli ba mekga ea sechaba le ba bang ba bangata.

Har'a batlamuoa ba ne ba ho tse thathamisitsoeng ka bo-rasaense ba tlou le baetsi ba litšoantšo, bangoli, liroki, baeta-pele ba bolumeli ba Russia: moprofesa, bonono Rahistori Ae Anisimov, rahistori ID Antsiferov moqapi BA Artemyev, Moprofesa SA Askol'dov Rahistori BB Bakhtin, le moetsi oa litšoantšo Ie Braz, setloholo sa Decembrists AB Bobrishchev-Dushkin, seroki MN O lla, ethnographer ka nn Vinogradov, mongoli 0.B. Bolkiah, rahistori Herman Gordon, seroki sa AK Gorsky, academician DS Likhachev, moprista e moholo, setsebi le lexicographer Da Florensky le ba bang.

Turístico ea histori le setso rarahaneng

Setso le Safe libini tsa Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Solovetsky - e mong oa mofuta ofe, e ikhethang ka ho tšepahala le ho e feletseng ea ho pholoha ensembles ho eona le mehahong, libaka tsa borapeli, matlo, tshireletso, moruo, waterworks, marangrang tseleng le nosetso tsamaiso ea mehleng e bohareng, hammoho le libaka tse ba lintho tse epolotsoeng, liemahale, ho bonahatsa ea boholo-holo le mehleng e bohareng domonastyrskuyu sehlekehleke sohle setso. Di concentrated likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lihlekehleke tse khōloanyane tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke, empa sebopeho sa naha le tsa histori ya kokangana, etsa e le 'ngoe, indivisible eohle. metsoako e fapaneng ke linako tsohle tsa histori ea sehlopha sa lihlekehleke le kaofela Russia North.

Likarolong constituent tsa histori le tsa setso tse rarahaneng Solovetsky sehlopha sa lihlekehleke tse:

• Baitlami-qhobosheane ea XV-XX lilemo tse makholo, A pele e neng e monastic ho fedisa ea XVI-XX lilemo tse makholo, matlong a baitlami le mahoatateng XVI-XX makholo a lilemo...;
• Kotuloa motlotloane sehlekehleke sohle haeteroliki le nosetso tsamaiso ea;
• Mehahong "sehalalelong-paka» III-ke lilemo tse sekete BC B. Zayatsky Anzersky le lihlekehlekeng;
• khopotso meaho Groups mosebetsi Solovetsky likampong tsa 1923-1939 GG. motseng le ka sebaka sa fektheri le setene;
• Natural naha.

Center ea histori le setso rarahaneng tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke ke Solovetsky baitlami - ka ho phethahetseng ka hohlehohle buka e ikhethang meralo le libini. kaho lona ke ka tsela e hlollang moholohali, e khanyang motho tlhaku ea mehaho e mengata le ka nako e tšoanang ka ho tšepahala ha likarolo tsohle tsa lona.

maeto a mang

Lintho tse epolotsoeng le meralo le liemahale, libaka historing le lintho tse hlollang li tsejoa ka ho hoo e ka bang kaofela ha Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Solovetsky. Turismo tšoaneloa ke tlhokomelo e khethehileng ba sebakeng lihlekehlekeng tse latelang:

• Anzersky:-bo-bong ea baitlami (the XVII), Boraro-bo-kereke (1880-1884), Golgotha-thakhisoa Skete (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky (St. Andrew o) baitlami (the XVI), Boulder Harbor, Stone Harbor (the XVI), Kereke ea St. Andrew.
• Fetisisa Muksalma: Sergiev Hermitage (XVI), Boulder letamo, tlohang Muksalma le kgolo Solovetsky Island (XIX).

Flora

Labyrinths Solovetsky Islands ke lehae la mefuta e 500 ea limela. Har'a likoluoa tsa tlhaho-ea sebaka mehahong Island e na le habitats tsa mefuta e kotsing ea ho timela le ka seoelo ba limela. thuto ea bona, e baballang le tokafatso bo-rasaense ba sa ameha. Fihla sehlekehlekeng sena, u lokela ho nka tlhokomelo ya limela sebakeng seo, ha e le hantle e rusolotsoeng lipalesa e sa tloaelehang e ka ba mefuta e sa seoelo. Ba hloka tšireletso e khethehileng latelang limela: Rhodiola rosea, Daphne tloaelehileng, Platanthera bifolia, Orchis bona, Dryopteris motona, sephara-leaved orchis, Siberia phaene, girchovnik leboea, lauzeleuriya recumbent, mosetareta le tse ling tse Arctic leoatle.

metsi mabopong ya White Sea - e mong oa ruileng le e behang fetisisa Algoflora letamo sebakeng (moo ho na le mefuta e 160 ea dimelametsing benthic).

liphoofolo

The liphoofolo sehlekehlekeng sena ka lebaka la litokisetso tsa Solovki sehlopha sa lihlekehleke le e ka leboea sebakeng se ha e fapana le mefuta e fapaneng haholo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang. Tse peli tsa mefuta bona a hlaha mona leboha motho. likhama ena, a tlisa sehlekehlekeng sena lilemong tsa bo-XVI, le muskrat, se hlahileng mona ka 1920s le.

Ruileng ka palo ea mefuta e meng ea avifauna sa lihlekehleke. Linonyana ka Solovki tlalehiloeng ka bang 200 mefuta e. Har'a bona ho na le "Red Book": tšoeu-gelada ntsu, phakoe e jang litlhapi, ho tloaelehile hore batho shelduck, e qetellong bafu. Thahasella ikhethang ke o mong oa Europe e likolone kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa tern arctic le Russia e kholo ka ho fetisisa le kolone ea gulls broody. Ho se tšoane ho hoholo mefuta abelwa Solovetsky Island.

Ea liphoofolo tse anyesang metsing ka metsi mabopong ea ringed tiiso tloaelehileng, beluga leruarua, Bearded le harepa liqibi. Lebōpong la sehlekehleke sa Anzer nonofo ya mmele o ile a re o nyolohang oa pinnipeds le karolong e ka bophirimela ea Big Solovetsky Island loketseng mohlape oa maruarua tšoeu tsa ho fihlela ho batho ba makholo a 'maloa.

bojanala jwa tlhago

The sehlopha sa lihlekehleke se ya thahasello e khōlō bakeng sa batho ba ratang tlhaho. Eseng feela bakeng sa ho etela e tummeng ea baitlami ea bahahlauli ba fihle Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Solovetsky. Nature maeto hape tšoaneloa ke ho eloa hloko. Ho makatsang ke hore naha tse sa tšoaneng lumella sebakeng diseke ee ho lelera ka morung, ba thabela botle ba makhulo e tala le matša, boloka liphoofolo tse hlaha.

Buka e ikhethang likou tsa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke ena. Ntle, le lihlekehleke tse ngata tse nyenyane Long Bay ke le 'mele o e ikhethang ea metsi, e leng e leo ho ahiloeng ho ke liforomo relict Arctic tsa invertebrates, e emelang tikoloho hoo e batlang e koetsoeng. Ntle-bo-bong Bay, hoo e ka bang halofo ea dissecans Anzersky sehlekehleke sena.

Mofuta wa sehlopha sa lihlekehleke Solovetsky na boleng e ikhethang bokahohleng, hobane bontša motheo linako poso-glacial tsa histori Geological tsa North, histori ea sebelisana batho e akarelletsa naha e hlollang 'me ke phelang tsa mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea linonyana le likolone kgolo nonyana. Batho e matla ea ka mofuta mè, e haholo kgothaletswa ho etela Islands Solovetsky.

Mokhoa oa ho fumana ho Solovki qeta mariha

tataiso ea tsela ea itšetlehile ka vagaries ea boemo ba leholimo le linako tsa selemo. Mariha, mokhatlo oo ke e fokolang haholo, ho na le tsela e tloaelehileng ea bohahlauli sehlekehlekeng sena ke feela ke moea ho tloha Arkhangelsk:

• lifofane lifofane "Air Nord" (AN-24) fofang tloha «Talagi» Airport ka Tuesdays le Lisontaha. sefofane nako - metsotso e 45.
• Ho tloha boema-fofane "Vaskovo" Labohlano khamphani sebetsang baratos "2nd AOAO" (L-410).

Mokhoa oa ho fumana sehlekehlekeng ea lehlabula

Le e ntlafetseng ya boemo ba leholimo palo ya dikgetho le ho etela Solovetsky Islands eketseha haholo. Mokhoa oa ho fumana ho sehlopha sa lihlekehleke ka selemo le hoetla hlahlobisiseng. Ho phaella ho lennot Arkhangelsk, bulehileng le litsela tsa Karelia ka nako ena.

Ba libaka ho nka leeto la ho Arkhangelsk kgothaletswa ke sefofane kapa terene. Bakeng sa likoloi Litsela ea moo e tla ba phephetso ea sebele. E le mariha, ho Solovki, o ka fumana moea. Flights from «Talagi» Airport (NordAvia) phethahatsoa ka Tuesdays, Moqebelo le Sontaha. From "Vaskovo" (2nd AOAO) - ka Mantaha, Wednesdays, Labohlano le Moqebelo.

Ka ho fetisisa maikutlo a lerato tsela - ke ho fumana likepe ka ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Solovetsky toropong Karelian tsa Belomorsk le Kem. Libakeng tsa Moscow le St. Petersburg motseng ka fihla ka terene Murmansk. Ho tswa ho libongo Rabocheostrovsk (Kem) likepe seile ea letsatsi ho Solovki "Blizzard" le "Vasiliy Kosyakov". sekepe "Sapphire" tsoela ho tswa Belomorsk. lihlekehlekeng hape ply "taxis noka" - likepe tse nyenyane hore tlisa baeti le bahahlauli ba motho ka mong. Lifofane le likepe nka bapalami ba sehlekehlekeng se seholo - Solovetsky.