Selemo 1770: Battle of Chesma. sesosa ntoa

U tseba, ha ho ne ho ntoa sesole sa metsing ea Chesma? 1770 'me hona joale keteka Russia. The Battle e ile ea etsahala Bay tsa Cesme ka 1770, July 24-26 (July 5-7), sebakeng sa pakeng tsa lihlekehleke tsa Chios le pheletsong e ka bophirimela ea Anatolia. E o tsejoa hore sebakeng seo pele e neng e bile e mengata ea sesole sa metsing ea ntoeng pakeng tsa Venice Republic le Ottoman Empire pakeng tsa fleets Turkish le Serussia. Battle ne e le karolo ea Second Peloponnesian bofetoheli ka 1769 le pula-maliboho ea ho tla ha ka Segerike Ntoa ea bobusi (dilemo 1821-1829).

Kajeno Letsatsi la khanya ea sesole sa Russia keteka ka la 7 July - e ke letsatsi la tlhōlo ea likepe Russia fetang Maturkey ka Ntoa ea Chesma.

prehistory

Tse ngata le tlwaetsego palo Chesme 1770. Ntoa eo e ile ea etsahala selemong seo. Hang ka 1768-limithara Russia ile ha qhoma ntoa ka Turkey, Russia o ile a romela squadrons tse seng kae ho Leoatle la Mediterranean, ho tloha la Baltic. O ne a batla ho lebisa tlhokomelo ea Ottomans ho tswa ho pele sehlopha sa lihlekehleke leeto (Black Sea Fleet), eo e ne e ka nako eo ea lilemo li tšeletseng feela battleships.

Tse peli Russia lebothong leo o ile a laela ka ho Admiral Gregory Spiridov le Senyesemane moeletsi Rear Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, 'me li ne li eteletsoe pele ke Count Orlov Aleksey. Ka lebaka leo, basesisi ba ile ba ba nang le phihlelo ba fumane likepe Ottoman emisa ka koung ea Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

Tlas'a khatello e tsoang Fora, 'me tšusumetso ea bothata Poland ka 1768' Muso oa Ottoman phatlalatsa hore ba futuhela Russia. Mothating ona, ka boroa mosolotogamaano tataiso lula boemo tšoanang, e neng e lilemong tsa bo-XVII. Ka Serussia Muso ba ne ba sa ba le likepe tse Black le Azov Maoatle, e busa sesole sa metsing mabotho likoung. Ha e le hantle, le Leoatle le Letšo e ne e le "Turkish letšeng." Sea of Azov, Black leoatle le North Crimea laoloa 'Muso oa Ottoman - linaha tsena e ne e le springboard tsa bosole khahlanong le Russia.

tlhaselo

Selemo 1770 ... Chesma ea ntoeng ... Ke hobane'ng ha ho etsahala? Ka 1768-th, ka hoetla, Crimean bapalami ba lipere ba hlasela Russia, ntoa e ile ea qala. sera ile a hlōla 'me a ikhula, empa tšokelo sala. Northern Black Sea e se e le lebaleng la liketsahalo tsa motheo tsa ntoa, moo Russia lebotho la ka lilemo tse fetang tse hlano tsa ho loana le mabotho a hlometseng a Ottoman Porte le Crimean Khanate.

mesebetsi

Hopola palo 1770. Chesma ea ntoeng seo se bolela. Ka Black Sea Fleet se lokela ho fumana tefo. Ke ka lebaka leo ka St. Petersburg ka etsa qeto ea ho romela ho lebothong leo Mediterranean ea Leoatle la Baltic me ho tloha moo ho sokela Turkey. Ka morero motheo ea leeto e ne e le ho tšehetsa ka merusu khoneha baahi Christian tsa Balkan Hloahloeng (haholo-holo lihlekehlekeng Aegean le Segerike Peloponnese) le tsokelo ea Maturkey ho tloha ka morao ho.

mesebetsi seo e ne e le hore a etse Russia lebothong leo? O ile a lokela ho khaotsa ho mela leoatle sera oa puisano ka Leoatleng la Mediterranean, ho tlosa tse ling tsa matla a hae (haholo-holo likepe) ho tswa ho sebakeng Black Leoatle la ntoa. Ha katleho ea lebothong leo e ne e le ho tšoara lintlha tse bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e lebōpong la leoatle ho Turkey 'me thibela Dardanelles. Boemo ka sehloohong o ne a fumaneha tsa Leoatle la Aegean, kapa, e le ho beha tsoa ka "sehlopha sa lihlekehleke tsa Greece." Ka hona ho lebitso la "Segerike leeto."

maikutlo

Long fetile selemo 1770. Ntoa ea Chesma batho ba ntse ba hopola. Ke mang ea qaptjoa ho romela likepe tse Russia ho lebōpo la leoatle la Aegean, tsosa le ho tšehetsa bofetoheli boo ha boa ea baahi ba Christian o hlola ka ho ho na le khahlanong le Ottomans? Ka lekhetlo la pele khopolo ena e boletsoeng ka nako eo li ratang tsa moemphera Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Probably, khopolo ena e ile ea pele e ile ea tlaleha ka ho moeta-pele oa ka moso oa leeto la Count Orlov Aleksey, mor'abo Gregory, ke mang feela ea amohelehang e le donos ho Catherine.

E o tsejoa hore Orlov Aleksey o ile a ngola ho mor'abo ka mathata a phutuho ena le ntoa ka kakaretso: "Ho Hlokahala ho ea Constantinople le ho lokolloa ha Bakreste bohle ba barapeli le Orthodox tloha joko e baka mesarelo. Me ke tla re ena, moemphera Peter ke ka tokomane e boletse, 'me ba, Mohammedan infidels, ho leleka ba masabasabeng lehlabathe lapeng ba bona ba pele. Mona ke barapeli bonahala hape, 'me Rorisang Molimo oa rōna, ea Matla' Ohle. " Ka nako ea ho ikokobelletsa ba thaothelang sesole e ile ea la letšolo la ka Empress Orlov Grigory rerileng tshisinyo hae ka tsela e latelang: ". Romela ka mokgwa wa e Bay ka Leoatleng la Mediterranean, 'me ho tloha ho na le banyalani ba bang ba likepe etsa sera sa senya"

Litsebi tse ling li bolela hore ntoa ea Chesma ka 1770 e ne e le ka lebaka la takatso ea Russia ho na le tsoa ikemetseng ho tloha Leoatleng le Letšo ho ea expanses tsa maoatleng a lefatše. Ebe ke ne ke sa lokela boikemelo.

flotilla

'Me hona joale e nyenyane hlahlobisiseng selemo 1770, ntoa ea Chesma (Russia-Turkish ntoa). Russia flotilla e ne e sa likepe robong guttate, frigate mararo (le mong-sethunya 36 le para ea 32-sethunya), 17-19 likepe ea thusang 'me sejana bombardirskogo "Sealuma" (Cannon 10).

Hlokomela June 23 le sera sa ho likepe, e emela sehlekehleke sa Chios ka ankora, armada rona ha mafube a hlaha ka June 24 (July 5th) ka 1770 o ile a kenela Chios le kanaleng, se bitsoang ikarolang sehlekehlekeng tswa Riviera, Anatolia, ho tloha leboea le se amahanngoang moea bonolo. Haufi le lebōpo sena, ho tloha Koung e ka leboea Chesmensky, ema mela e 'meli emisa Ottoman armada.

Ho eona ho ne ho 16 likoloi (ya eo ka likhoeli tse tseletseng ne 90- kapa tse 80-sethunya, ha ba bang, ho tšoana le Russia, a hlomelloa le lisebelisoa 66), 60 lijana tse nyenyane le tse 6 frigate. Turkish likepe o ile a laela ka ho Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. O ne a le ka nako e ka fihla kampong ka lebōpong, le batlatsi ba hae Hassan-Bey (ea sebete Algeria), ba pheha khang ea hore kaha likepe sera sa lokela ho kopanela le nka tloha le bona moeeng. Leha ho le joalo, Corvettes hae ne a ke ke latela molao ona, e le ne emisa. Ka lebaka leo, Serussia le liseile tsa bona o ile a nka bohato ba pele ntoeng ka boeona.

Orlova maqiti

Ka selemo sa 1770 ntoa ea Chesma (Russia-Turkish ntoa e) haholo susumetsa tsela ea histori e ileng ea latela. E o tsejoa hore tsotehang matla ea sera qalong otla Count Orlov. Empa, ka tieo ho itšetleha ka sebete sa masole a hae, 'me khahlanong le Molimo, o ile a batla keletso le balaoli le baeta-pele,' me ka etsa qeto ea ho hlasela likepe Turkish. Orlov laela hore Springe (lik'hebole, amanang ke liankora hore boloka sekepe se le boemong) Haeba u na le ho emisa khahlanong le sera. Count haha mola la ntoa, 'me a tsamaea ka Maturkey ka odara sena:

• Rearguard: likepe "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, motsamaisi oa sekepe Roxburgh), "U se ke ua tšoara 'na" (motsamaisi oa sekepe Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, Captain Cruz), "Europe" (motsamaisi Klokachev), "Bahalaleli Three" (motsamaisi oa sekepe Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Three Hierarchs" (Count Orlov Aleksey, ho foromane Greig), "Januarius" (motsamaisi oa sekepe Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Battle ka Chios Strait

Chesma ea ntoeng (1770, July 7) reteleha histori khutla. Ho qala, nahana ka ntoa e Chios Strait, e ileng sa etsahala ka June 24 (5 July). Russia sesoleng hona jareteng e o ile a lumela ho na mwango ya bohato 'me a ea ho ea moeling o ka boroa oa moleng Turkish. Ka mor'a moo, o ile a reteleha 'me tsa qala ho beha khahlanong le likepe sera. Turkey likepe o ile a qala a betsa hole le lik'hebole tse tharo (560 limithara) ka 11: 30-11: 45. likepe Russia ba ne ba sa mollo morao ka nako e telele e le haufi le ba lireng ka e leng sebaka sa lintoa tsa 80 (170 limithara) bakeng sa ntoa le haufi ka 12:00.

Ka tse tharo Russia likepe ipetlela litsela e ne e atleha: "St. Januarius "likhoka reteleha, pele e e-ba sehlopha," Europe "hloloheloa sebakeng sa hae, o ne a lemetse ka lebaka leo, a reteleha 'me a tloha tsamaiso ea, ho ka mor'a" Rostislav "le" Hierarchs Three "e ka morao ea tšimo lekaneng ho ba sekepe sa bobeli sa sera pele a ka se khonang ema mocheng ka, ka lebaka la hore e ka phoso hlasela corvette "Three sehlopha se busang".

Tšenyo e ho "Europe" e bolela hore "St. Eustace "e ne e le etella pele sekepe Russia armada. Ka sekepe sena o ile a romeloa ho ea mollo sa likepe tse tharo guttate Turkish (ho akarelletsa le flagship tsa Ottoman likepe, "Burj appa Zafer", o ile a laela ka ho Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "ile ka qala palama ho flagship tsa armada Ottoman, pele ba bona e ka mollo. Ka mor'a tukang mainmast "Burj appa Zafer" Ke oela theoha mokatong oa corvette "St. Eustace, "o ile a phatloha. Ka mor'a metsotso e 10-15 le akhotsoang tsoha "Burj Zafer featswan". Elphinstone ile a bolela hore Russia e le hantle e le lefeela le ho Spiridov ka Count Orlovym Fodorom (mor'abo rōna e le moeta-pele e) setseng "St. Eustace, "esita le pele ho melee ba. Ka tsela e tšoanang ke ile ka phonyoha lefu, le motsamaisi oa sekepe "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov qalella boeta-pele ba ntoa le corvette "Hierarchs Three".

14:00 Maturkey ho khaola liropo liankora le ikhula tlas'a sekoahelo sa libeteri lebōpong ka Chesma Harbor.

Loana koung ea

masole a mangata o ile a hlokahala ka 1770 Chesma ea ntoeng e ne e le e mong oa ba mabifi haholo. June 25-26 (July 6-7), ho na le e ne e loana ka Chesma Bay. Hore ka ho Turkish mollo-sekepe bōpileng tse peli letoto la 7- le 8-guttate corvettes le likepe tse ling tse leng teng pakeng tsa le mela e le lebōpong le ka.

letsatsi lohle June 25 (July 6) likepe Russia lelekoa ka flotilla Turkish le maemong a mabopong. A mane lijana thusang ne etsoa mollo-likepe. Ka 17:00 mphato oa bomo-sekepe "Sealuma" o ne a emisa ka pel'a Chesma Bay le qala a betsa ka likepe Turkish. Ka 00:30 o ne a kopanela le ke sekepe guttate "Europe" le ka 1:00 motšehare oa - "Rostislav", eo ile a tla ka mor'a hore a likepe mollo.

"Rostislav", "Europe" le tletleba, "U se ke la li ama 'na," ha thehoa mola ho tloha leboea ho ea boroa, kaha o ile a qala ho loana le armada Turkish. Ka nako ena, "Saratov" e ne e ka ba standby, le frigate "Africa" le "Sealuma" hlasela leshala ka lebōpong le ka bophirimela ea Gulf.

Ka 01:30, kapa e nyenyane pele ho moo (ho latela Elphinstone, har'a mp'a bosiu) ka lebaka la ho a betsa, "U se ke la li ama 'na" le "Sealuma", e mong oa guttate Maturkey likepe phatloha mollo namela ho' mele oa ka bo tukang liseile. Malakabe potlako lithuto tsa ho likepe tse ling tse ka boema-kepe.

Ho joalo, re ka tsoela pele ka pale ea ketsahalo eo e ile ea etsahala la 7 July, 1770 Chesma ea ntoeng lokela hlahlobeng. Hang phatloha ka 02:00 ea Turkish sekepe bobeli, lijana Russia khaotsa a betsa, 'me mollo-likepe kena Koung. Ba babeli ba bona ba neng ba le tlas'a taelo ea Captain Dugdale le Gagarin, Maturkey thunngoa. Ke tsela eo, Elphinstone bolela hore feela mollo-bolaoa Captain Dugdale, 'me sekepe Gagarin e loana o ile a hana ho tsamaea. Next mong sekepe, o ile a laela ka ho Mackenzie, e o ile a betana le sejana se tukang, 'me e' ngoe (ka tlas'a taolo ea molefothenente D. Ilina) - hokela ho 84 sethunya corvette mola.

E o tsejoa hore Ilyin mollo-hotetsa, 'me o ile a tloha e ka sekepe le sehlopha. sekepe se phatloha 'me a chesa boholo ba corvettes tse ling Ottoman. By 2:30 phatloha battleships tse ling tse tharo.

Hoo e ka bang ka 04:00 likepe Russia romeloa ho sekepe, a batla ho boloka e sa leha ho le joalo le tuka ke lijana tse peli tse khōlō. Leha ho le joalo, ba ne ba khona ho nka 'ngoe feela ho bona - "Rhodes' 60-sethunya. From 04:00 ho fihlela 05:30 akhotsoang fihlela le likepe tsa ntoa tse ling tse tšeletseng, 'me ka 7 hora - mane synchronously. By 8:00 ka ntoa ea Chesma Bay e ile ea phethoa.

liphello tsa lintoa

Se leng molemo bakeng histori ea naha ka selemo 1770? Chesma ea ntoeng melemo efe tlisa Russia? Mora ntoeng ena Russia likepe ka ho feletseng senya lipuisanong Turkish tsa Leoatle la Aegean le itšehla ea Dardanelles. makolopetso ana kaofela li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho saenela ea Khotso Selekane sa Kucuk Kaynarca Agreement.

Ka tataiso ea Catherine II, ho rorisa le tlhōlo ka Great Peterhof Palace e ne e entsoe e sa lebaleheng Chesmensky Hall (dilemo 1774-1777), ho ile ha etsoa liemahale tse peli ho ketsahalo ena: Chesme pilaster ka Tsarskoye Selo (1778) le ho Chesmensky sefika ka Gatchina (1775) le emisoa Chesme Palace (dilemo 1774-1777) le Chesma kereke ea St. Ioanna Predtechi (dilemo 1777-1780) St. Petersburg.

Chesma ea ntoeng kwadiwa ka 1770 liheloe khauta le silevera likhau, tse neng li etsoa ka taelo ea Empress Catherine I. Count Orlovu Alekseyu o ile a lumelloa ho hokela ho proimenovanie mabitso, ha ba ntse ba re, "Chesma".

lebitso la

E o tsejoa hore lebitso "Chesma" roala ironclad armada ea likepe Russia sesole. Ka taelo ea Nicholas II ne re bolela Cesme sebakeng, e leng hona joale ke motse oa sebakeng Chelyabinsk.

Le Koung ea Anadyr na Scesma Cape - lona ho thoeng leeto ho clipper "Mopalami" ka 1876.

Russia Mopresidente Vladimir Putin ka 2012, ka July, tiisitsoe ke diphetoho molao "Ka anniversaries la Russia le Matsatsi a Military Khanya." Ka lebaka leo, ho na le e ne e le Tlhōlo ea Russia likepe ka lebaka la ho Turkish ka Ntoa ea Chesma, e ketekoang ka la 7 July.

litlaleho tse

Bo-rahistori ba ntse ba ithuta selemo 1770: Chesma ntoeng, sesosa sa ho eo e se e tsebahala, Russia tlotlisoa bakeng sa lefatše lohle. E o tsejoa hore Spiridov tlalehela Mopresidente wa College ea Admiralty St. Petersburg Count Chernyshov: "Ka lebaka la ho ba le Molimo le ho ba le tlotla ea ho flotilla All-Serussia! From th, 25 ho ea ho 26 go th sera sa likepe hlaseloa, silakanngoa, silakanngoa, chesoa, khangoa ke metsi, 'me o ile a lumela ka leholimong fetoloa molora,' me sa tloha sebakeng se nyeliso e tšabehang, 'me ho bona ka bobona ba ile ba qala ho batla ho busa ho pholletsa le lihlekehleke tsa rona tsa Queen Our ".

A. G. Orlov ikhethang a bontša maikutlo a bululetsoeng ke tlhōlo ea Cesme, ka lengolo ho mor'abo: "Lumela, mohlomphehi, mor'abo rōna! Ke tla u bolella ho se hokae ka leeto la rōna: ha a ne a au le hotelitsoeng a mollo kae kapa kae, ba ile ba tlameha ho siea Kapoor. Bakeng sa vorogov le likepe le sieo, ba mo atamela 'me a loana, tšoaroa, ea timetsoa, o ile a hlōla, a timetsa le rometsoe ho ea tlaase' me incinerated. "