Sebōpeho sa chromosomes - sehlooho chesang oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka lilemo tse mashome tse tlang ho tla.

Ho fihlela joale, litšobotsi liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang tse ka taba ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa litsebi tsa baeloji-bo-rasaense ba lefatšeng, ha ba ka botlalo ile a ithuta. Letsatsi le letsatsi lintlha tse ncha le tse thahasellisang. Le e ntlafetseng ya thekenoloji, mekhoa katisediwa le thepa ea kajeno, bo-rasaense ba 'ohle phunyeletse teba haholoanyane liphiri ea tsamaiso chromosomal, ho ithuta sebopeho lona ea limolek'hule le supramolecular.

Kajeno Leha ho le joalo, moloko oa batho o finyeletse lintho tse ngata ka ho ithuta liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho maekoroboiloji. E mong le e motho ea thahasellang, ho bula buka, ka ithuta sebōpeho sa chromosomes e, sebopeho bona le mosebetsi ho ya ka vivo. Ka eona le puo. Ke mofuta oa sebōpeho sa chromosome li arotsoe ka:

• telotsentrichnye,
• akrotsentrichnye,
• submetacentic,
• metatsentrichnye.

Telotsentrichnye ke molamu-bopehileng le na le centromere, e simoloha ho tloha dikgwele tse peli. Akrotsentrichnye hape ba le sebopeho molamu-joaloka, empa o le mong "letsoho la" ea lintho tse nyenyane tsa bona, hoo e ka bang imperceptible. (Ka mahetla - e le karolo ea chromosome, e leng fihla ka lehlakoreng le leng la centromere le). sebopeho Submetatsenrichnoe ke chromosome le matsoho a nako e telele kapa khutšoanyane. Le ho metatsentrichnomu mofuta sebopeho di V e bōpehileng joaloka chromosomes, e leng se tšoanang le ho ba bolelele ba mahetleng ka.

Chromosomes bezyadernyh phelang, ho akarelletsa le likokoana-hloko 'me libaktheria li
The chromosomes tsa e mong le e phelang feela batho ka bomong. Sebopeho sa chromosomes ea libaktheria, likokoana-hloko, 'me mefuta e meng ea dimelametsing ke e bonolo ka ho fetisisa. The chromosome baktheria e entsoe ka hlobotse habeli-tsielehile mofuta DNA molek'hule e ka ba guttate kapa annular. Sebōpeho sa sethusathuto le chromosome likokoana-hloko e fapaneng ho tloha baktheria limolek'hule DNA. Mohlala, bolelele ba DNA molek'hule ea kokoana-hloko ea fapana ho ea ka micrometers mong ho lekholo, le libaktheria DNA molek'hule fihla e-ba bolelele ea micrometers likete tse peli. Split, ke hore, ho tswakana ea limolek'hule tsa tlaasana (boikatiso) ya likokoana-hloko tsa chromosomes qala ho tloha ntlha e 'ngoe tshimololang le tsoela hammoho bolelele ba eona kaofela,' me ka libaktheria e tsoela ka litaelo bobeli ho tloha qaloang, moo lifereko tse peli arola DNA thehoa. Chromosome kokoana-hloko e nang RNA ke molek'hule e 'ngoe e RNA ka mokgwa wa khoeleng, le hoja har'a bona ho na le boetse ho na le dvuhnitchatye molek'hule. Ka boholo ba chromosome e le nyenyane haholo ho feta ba nang le DNA.

Chromosomes phelang ea nyutlelie
Sebopeho sa chromosomes ea seleng eukaryotic ho ba le khubung, e nkoa e mong oa thata ka ho fetisisa. E thehiloe guttate DNA molek'hule e ba bolelele e telele, e leng se ka ba ho fihlela ho 5 cm,! Maemong a joalo e ka fumanoa ka ho ithuta sebōpeho sa chromosomes batho. Ntle ho DNA molek'hule di na le dipegelo chromosome khetheha liprotheine - histones. Ho ne ho e mehlano: H1, H2A, H3, H4 - ke liprotheine tse khōlō. Ntle ho bona molek'hule kenyelletsa ditokiseletso liprotheine negistonnye. Sebōpeho sa chromosomes eukaryotic ke ho le thata haholo 'me o nka mofuta o itseng oa lifaha.

Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea chromosomes, e leng ka tlaase ho moo ba tloaelehileng. Tsena li akarelletsa seqhenqha chromosome polytene chromosome le chromosome lampbrush.

• chromosomes Giant fapana ka boholo bo khōlō. Ba ka ba fumanang ka mekhahlelo ea itseng oa potoloho seleng e - nako ya bophelo ba pakeng tsa likarohano seleng. Li fumanoa ka lisele tse ka bang larvae likokoanyana, hammoho le vertebrates le invertebrates.

• Polytene chromosomes ke dikgwele ngoana multiple hore eketsa ho tloha motsoali ka palo kgolo, empa e sa Lokisa fatše ka tsela pherekano motseng, 'me ho kopantswe ka spiral e le' ngoe. Di leng ka lisele tsa litho tse ka hare tsa lintho tse phelang, ho etsa mohlala, ka lisele mala oa sehlopha mafura, litsoelesa mathe, trachea. chromosomes Polytene hape ka fumanoa lijana tsa larvae ea likokoanyana tse peli-tse nang le mapheo.

• Chromosomes lampbrush - e chromosomes senatla, e telele ho feta polytene, tse fumanoang ka oocytes (lisele tse lehe) ya vertebrates. Sebopeho lampbrush chromosomes likarolo palo e khōlō ea boholo fapaneng le bolelele ba ditab lehlakoreng, leo RNA tswakana se hlahile.

Joalokaha u ka bona, haholo mefuta e mengata ea chromosomes. Le ka lintho tse phelang tsohle tse fapaneng. Le ntho e thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa ke hore mochine oa tsamaiso ena ea limolek'hule e ntse ha a ithuta ho fihlela bofelong. Sebōpeho sa chromosomes e, palo, sebopeho le tlōlo lona isang phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang - tsohle ena ke bulehileng sehlooho sa liphatsa tsa lefutso.