Sebopeho le mosebetsi ea DNA le RNA (Lethathamo)

Hoa tsebahala hore mefuta eohle ea taba phelang, ho tloha ho likokoana-hloko le ho ipolaea liphoofolo tse godimo (ho akarelletsa le batho ba) ba le e ikhethang lefa sethusathuto. O emeloang ke limolek'hule tsa mefuta e 'meli ea acid nucleic: deoxyribonucleic le ribonucleic. Ka dintho tsena manyolo khouthollotsweng litaba tseo e fetisoa ho tloha ho motsoali e ea ho batho ba bana ba ka ho ikatisa. Ka pampiri ena, re ithuta hore na sebopeho le mosebetsi ea DNA le RNA ka seleng, hammoho le ela hloko mekgwa e leng sesosa le thulaganyo ya phetiso ea lefa thepa ea taba phelang.

Ha e ntse e ile, e leng thepa ea acid nucleic, le hoja ba ba le tse ling tse tloaelehileng, ha ho le jwalo, fapana haholo har'a bona. Ka lebaka leo, re bapisa DNA le RNA mesebetsi etsoa ke biopolymers ba lisele tsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa lintho tse phelang. Tafole fanoa ka pampiri e tla u thusa ho utloisisa hore na phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa bona.

acid Nucleic - biopolymers rarahaneng

Lintho tse sibolotsoeng lefapheng la baeloji ea limolek'hule le ileng la hlaha mathoasong a lilemo mashome a mabeli, ka ho khetheha, tlaleho ea sebopeho ea acid e deoxyribonucleic, ho susumetsa ntshetsopeleng ya cytology ea kajeno, liphatsa tsa lefutso, theknoloji ea baeloji le fetola liphatsa tsa lefutso. From pono ea manyolo k'hemistri DNA le RNA tse phahameng limolek'hule ntho e entsoeng ka diyuniti repetitive - monomers, eo hape a bitsoang nucleotides. E o tsejoa hore ba ya kokangana ho theha e mong oa potoloho ea nang le bokhoni ea tlhaloganya sebaka ho intša mokgatlo.

Joalo macromolecules DNA li hangata bo amahanngoa le liprotheine itseng le thepa e itseng 'me a bitsa histones. mehahong Nucleoprotein theha dibopeho khethehileng - nucleosomes, e leng, le eena, a ke karolo ea chromosome e. acid Nucleic e ka ba ka bobeli tse khubung le ka cytoplasm ea lisele, ho ba teng ka ho hlophisoa ha ba bang ba organelles lona, tse kang mitochondria kapa chloroplasts.

Sebopeho tlhaloganya sebaka sa lefutso ntho

Ho utloisisa ho sebetsa ha DNA le RNA, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ba utloisise ka ho qaqileng peculiarities ya sebopeho bona. Joalokaha eka ke ka lihaha-'mele, acid nucleic tšoauoa ka maemo e 'maloa ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa macromolecules. Sebopeho sa mathomo e emeloang liketane polynucleotide, mahareng le phahameng phetolo samouslozhnyayutsya hlahang ka mofuta covalent mabapi. A karolo ea khethehileng ka ho lula sebopeho tlhaloganya sebaka ea limolek'hule ke ea litlamo hydrogen, Van der mabotho Waals le sebelisana. Phello ke mohaho o diseke ee ea DNA, e bitsoang superspiral.

Monomers acid e nucleic

Sebopeho le mosebetsi wa DNA, RNA, liprotheine le tse ling tse polymers manyolo itshetlehile bobeli ka ya boleng le ditirisanommogo hlophisoa macromolecules bona. Bobeli mefuta acid nucleic li na le likarolo mehaho bitsoa nucleotides. Ha re ntse re tseba ho tloha tseleng ea k'hemistri, sebōpeho sa taba hakaalo ama mosebetsi oa eona. DNA le RNA na mokhelo. E fellang kateng le hore ka nucleotide sebopeho itšetlehile ka mokgwa wa ea acid e ka boeona 'me karolo ea sona e ka seleng. E mong le e monomer na le likarolo tse tharo: ya botlaaseng nitrogenous, e k'habohaedreite le masalla ea acid e orthophosphoric. Ho na le mefuta e mene ea makalana nitrogenous ea DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine le cytosine. Ka limolek'hule RNA, ba, ka ho latellana, adenine, guanine, cytosine le uracil. K'habohaedreite emeloang ke mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea pentose. The acid e ribonucleic ke ribose le ka DNA - foromo lona deoxygenated, e bitsoang deoxyribose.

Features ya acid e deoxyribonucleic

Pele re sheba sebopeho le mosebetsi wa DNA. RNA ho ba le tlhaloganya sebaka phetolo e bonolo, e tla tšohloa karolong e latelang. Ho joalo, ba babeli polynucleotide palesa li tšoaroa pakeng tsa ho pheta-pheta buuoang ka eona khafetsa litlamo hydrogen thehoa pakeng makalana ka naetrojene. Ka banyalani ba bang ba "adenine - thymine," ho na le tse peli, 'me ka para ea "guanine - cytosine" - tse tharo litlamo hydrogen.

Mekhoa e tloaetsoeng mola purine le pyrimidine makalana ile ha sibolloa ke E. Chargaff le ile a tsejoa e le molao-motheo oa complementarity. The ketane nucleotides le 'ngoe e amana litlamo phosphodiester hore ba thehoa pakeng tsa masalla pentose ea acid e orthophosphoric le nucleotides haufi. Foromo spiral tsa liketane bobeli e hlokomelwa ka litlamo hydrogen tse etsahalang pakeng tsa haedrojene le oksijene liathomo hore ke karolo ea nucleotides. E phahameng - e phahameng sebopeho (supercoil) - bath bakeng sa DNA ea nyutlelie ea lisele eukaryotic. Foromo ena e le teng ka chromatin ena. Leha ho le joalo, libaktheria le DNA e nang le likokoana-hloko ba le asiti deoxyribonucleic e sa amanang le liprotheine. E emeloa ke a lesoba hare foromo le e bitsoa plasmid.

Ho na le e tšoanang foromo DNA ea mitochondria le chloroplasts - organelles, semela le lisele tse liphoofolo. Ka mor'a moo re fumane karabo, seo ke phapang pakeng tsa mosebetsi ea DNA le RNA. Tafole ka tlaase, re bontša ho se tšoane ha sebopeho le thepa ea acid nucleic.

asiti ribonucleic

The RNA molek'hule e na le e le 'ngoe polynucleotide Strand (ntle le bakeng sa habeli-tsielehile sebōpeho sa ba bang ba likokoana-hloko) hore e ka ba ka ho khubu' me ka cytoplasm ea sele. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea RNA hore fapana pakeng tsa mohaho o le thepa. Kahoo, lenģosa RNA na le phahameng ka ho fetisisa boima ea limolek'hule. E tsa maiketsetso ka khubung seleng ea ka e mong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho. MRNA mosebetsi - ho fetisetsa tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le ea ho hlophisoa la protheine ho tloha khubung ea ho cytoplasm ena. Lipalangoang foromo acid e nucleic khomarelang monomers liprotheine --amino acid - le lopolla ba ho sebaka sa biosynthesis.

Qetellong, ribosomal RNA Ho thehoa nucleolus le ho akarelletsa'ng tswakana protheine. Joalokaha u ka bona, DNA le RNA mesebetsi ka metabolism lisele tse sa tšoaneng le ea bohlokoa haholo. Ba tla itšetleha haholo-holo ka lisele tsa lintho tse phelang tse dintho molek'hule ea lefutso. Ho joalo, kokoana-hloko ea acid e ribonucleic ka 'na ba le microcyteme ba boitsebiso bo liphatseng tsa lefutso, athe liseleng tsa lintho tse phelang eukaryotic bokhoni ba ena e na le feela acid e deoxyribonucleic.

Mosebetsi oa DNA le RNA 'meleng

Ka molemo oa oona nucleic acid e, hammoho le liprotheine tse hlokahalang manyolo metsoako. Ba boloka le ho fetisa litšobotsi tse lefa le litšobotsi tloha motsoali ho motho ka mong le bana. A re ke re hlalosa phapang pakeng tsa mesebetsi e mong le tse ling tsa DNA le RNA. Tafole ka tlase e bontša phapang ka ho qaqileng le ho feta.

ke litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko boleng ba sebele ba lefutso eng?

Kokoana-hloko ea nucleic acid e ka 'na ea nka sebōpeho se ikhara bobeli single- le habeli Strand kapa masale. Ho latela D.Baltimora tlhophiso, dintho tsena microcosm na le DNA limolek'hule entsoeng ka lipotoloho le 'ngoe kapa tse peli. Sehlopha sa pele se akarelletsa likokoana-hloko tsa herpes le adenoviruses, 'me ea bobeli ho akarelletsa ho, ho etsa mohlala, parvovirus.

Mesebetsi ea DNA le RNA livaerase bopilwe ka ho kenella ka hare ipatlele lesedi liphatsa tsa lefutso ka seleng, liphetoho boikatiso limolek'hule jereng bongata ba kokwanahloko acid e nucleic, 'me phutheho ea likaroloana protheine ka ribosomes ea sele moamoheli. Ka lebaka leo, kaofela metabolism seleng ea ka ho feletseng o laoloa ho likokoana-hloko le hore ata ka potlako, ea isang ho Cell lefu.

RNA-e nang le likokoana-hloko

Ka virology entse karohano ea lintho tsena ka lihlopha tse 'maloa. Ho le joalo, mefuta e pele ba bitsoa ba se nang balekane-tsielehile (+) RNA. Ba nucleic acid e etsa mesebetsi e tšoanang le ea lenģosa RNA ea lisele eukaryotic. Ka sehlopha se seng le akarelletsa le 'ngoe-tsielehile (-) RNA. Ntlha ea pele, limolek'hule tsa bona mongwalollo se etsahala, ea isang ho le ponahalo ea limolek'hule (+) RNA, 'me ba le eena, a sebeletsa e le thempleite bakeng sa ho liprotheine le bongata ba kokwanahloko.

E Thehiloe ho se boletsoeng ka holimo, bakeng sa ho phelang tsohle, ho akarelletsa le likokoana-hloko, DNA le mesebetsi RNA bokhutšoanyane tšoauoa ka: polokelo litšobotsi tse lefa le thepa ea ntho e phelang le phetiso eketsehileng ba bana ba bona.