Sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe tsa Russia: History

Bōptjoa pele ka tlas'a metsi sejana ka Serussia Empire ka ngotsoe khutlela 1921. Ka mor'a moo, ke molao-taelo oa Peter ke Serussia 'metli oa mapolanka Efimom Nikonovym e ne e hahiloe ho sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie pele, eo o ne a tseba histori ea Russia. Ka tlas'a metsi likepe tsa Russia, ho ne ho bōptjoa e neng e rerile ka makholo a lilemo se latelang, a bōpa hangata pampiring, empa ho ne ho ntle le mabaka a. Ho joalo, 50 submarines, entsoe ke moenjiniere Poland-Russia o ile a lokolloa ka 1879 ho 1881 ka Russia S. K. Dzhevetskim, ba Leha ho le joalo, o ne a sebetsa feela ho tswa ho matla a mesifa. Histori ea Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe e le karolo ea Navy ea naha qalang ho tloha 1906. E ne e ka nako eo hore Moemphera Nicholas II o ile a saena taelo ka ho thehoa lona. Ka nako eo, e Russia Muso o Moholo, ho ne ho 10 submarines.

Bōpa e sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe

Mathoasong a XIX-XX lilemo tse makholo. ka moeta-pele ea Serussia Muso ba ile ba qala ho utloisisa hantle hore ho hlokahala hore bopa sesole tsa lona sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie. Sena se ile sa etsa hore ke ho hlokahala hore ho ntshetsa pele katleho jwalo indasteri shipbuilding Europe le United States. Baeta-pele ba Karolo shipbuilding lumela hore Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe lokela ho bōpa ka a bale litsenyehelo ea tlhahiso ea lisele. Karolo ea ho nahana ea hore Russia Empire lokela ho ba le thekenoloji ea eona e le likhoebo tsa ho hlahisa submarines.

Ntlha ea bohlokoa ea ho sebelisa e shipbuilding, e ne e le ho hlōleha ha ho kgwebisano bakeng sa phepelo ea submarines US ntoa Russia. Ka mor'a qeto eo e ne e entsoe ho hlahisoeng ha ruuoang tsa Serussia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe.

Pele ntoa sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie sekepe e tsamaisoa ke enjene peterole, e ile a qala ka 1904. sekepe sena e ne e le motimetsi "Dolphin", hape e tsejoang ka hore motimetsi palo 133. "Dolphin" e ne e le molemo fetang counterparts bona linaheng tse ling. O ne a tonnage tsa 113/135 limithara, ntshetswa pele ho lebelo la 9 mafito ka holim'a metsi le ho diyuniti 4,5 ka metsing. Ha u le tlas'a metsi le sekepe susumelletsa ka a bale litsenyehelo ea enjene motlakase 'me o ne ho etsa liphutuho mefuta e fapaneng ya ho fihlela ho 28 lik'hilomithara tse.

Leha ho le joalo, ho ke ke ho tloha ka 1906, le ho saenela tsa moemphera taelo e khethehileng ka ho thehoa ha sehlopha sa khethehileng sa likepe - submarines, 'me a etsa qeto ea ho bala histori bona. Shipbuilding indasteri ea naha e haholo ntshetswa pele ka potlako lilemong tse tlang. Se ke 1917, Russia Navy o sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe e ne e ena 73 subsea sejana.

Ntshetsopeleng ya sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe ka USSR

Lilemo tse Phetohelo le Ntoa ea Lehae ea qobelloa kaofela indasteri shipbuilding ba naha eo e hoo e batlang e stagnate lilemong tse tlang. Feela ka 1926, ho ile ba amohela moralo ikemiseditse ho ke ho hlasimolla hang ba matla Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe. Ho tloha ka nako ena e qala ha ho tsosolosoa dikai khale, hammoho le ho bōpa batho ba bacha. Ho joalo, pele ho tsohle e fane ka bakeng sa sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie-mofuta "Decembrist" likepe. Tse tšeletseng tsa likepe tsena li ile tsa lokolloa lilemong tsa ho tla. Ba nkeloa sebaka sa khale "Bars" le neng hore litšobotsi tse nako ha e le fe tshebetso ya dikai tsoang linaheng tse ling. Kahoo, sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie tsa Soviet Union ka fihla lebelo ho fihlela ho 14 mafito le na le matha ka mefuta e fapaneng le halofo ho lik'hilomithara tse likete tse tharo. Ho phaella moo, ba ne ba le lilemo li tseletseng methapo torpedo le ka amohela ho fihlela ho batho ba 53. Hase lona lebaka bonyane ka ntshetsopeleng katleho shipbuilding ka hare ho naha, 'me o ile a khetheloa ho ea poso ea hlooho ea moralo Bureau talente moenjiniere B. M. Malinina.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Soviet Union e bile ke le mafolofolo boboleling le tšebelisano-'moho le tšimong ea shipbuilding le Jeremane. Ho joalo, ho hlomella submarines "Decembrists" tsoang Jeremane a fana diesels. Ho feta moo, litsebi li Jeremane ba faneng thuso botekgeniki ka tshebetso ya ho bōpa e sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie-mofuta S. Ba na le litšobotsi tse phahameng ntoa, le kenyelletsoa ka mafolofolo Union Navy. , Ho phaella ho displacement kgolo - ho lithane tse 1073 - submarines tsa sehlopha sa C ka fihla lebelo la 19,5 lefito le etsa matha ka mefuta e fapaneng ya ho 8.200 limaele. Ba ne ba boetse ba le litlhophiso tse tsheletseng torpedo.

phihlello e khethehileng ea shipbuilding malapeng ka nako eo e neng e le moralo le kaho ea mofuta sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie K. E na e bokeletseng e tsotehang, e bopilweng ka methapo torpedo leshome le seteishene matla ka ho fetisisa-le-moea. Ho phaella moo, sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie K-mofuta ne jarolla ka ho iketsa ka thōko oona tsamaisong taolo qoelisoa le emersion. Ho ka fihla lebelo la mafito ho fihlela ho 21, 'me mefuta e fapaneng ya ho sesa lona hlolloa divers esita le ba nang le phihlelo - ho 14.040 limaele.

nako ea ka mor'a ntoa

Ntshetsopeleng ya indasteri e shipbuilding ka nako ea ka mor'a ntoa e tšoauoa ka sa ho qhoma kgolo ka thepa botekgeniki tsa submarines, le ntlafatso ea bohlokoa ho tshebetso bona. Submarines poso-ntoa hlahisoeng ha a ena le lebelo haholo ho qoelisoa botebo eketseha, palo e khōlō ea methapo torpedo. Ho phaella moo, e ile ea eketseha tonnage tsa submarines le bolelele ba nako ba tsamaya ikemetseng.

Leha ho le joalo, e le bothata bo boholo e ne e le disele-motlakase likepe sesebediswa. Ka mantsoe a mang, bayemi ne a lokela ho haha dilenaneo le 'ngoe bakeng sa bobeli sa freeboard sesa le ka tlas'a metsi.

Leha ho le joalo, ka nako ena e re ba ile ba qala ho ntshetsa pele haholo oceanic sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie. Ba, hammoho le leoatle ba ne ba mefuta e 'meli ea lijana tse teng sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie. submarines Union ba ile ba khona ho fana ka ka nako leha e le efe maoatleng a lefatše a le ho tšoara mesebetsi bohlale teng.

Leha ho le joalo, a ntse a bothata ile a rarolla le bokhoni ba ho laola sekepe ka lebelo le phahameng, hammoho le hore ho hlokahala hore Methati khafetsa ho lefisa leshala le ho laola moea phepelo. Ho sa tsotellehe sena, ka mor'a ntoa, Soviet Union e ne e le Molemo khethehileng ba fetang matla a mang, ho akarelletsa le ba sa United States, boleng le palo ya generated lijana ka metsing. Kahoo, bophahamo e se e fihlellwa ka litšobotsi tse tsa bohlokoa tse kang lebelo, botebo ho qoelisoa, botsebi le basesisi ba le mamello.

Ho tloha halofo ea bobeli ea 50s ea. naha e qala ka sethaleng e ncha ntshetsopele ya sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie shipbuilding. Joale sepheo se ka sehloohong sa ho indasteri e shipbuilding ke pōpo le tsoelo-pele ea leoatle-ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie submarines lerumo. likepe tsena li ne li, ho tloha kae kapa kae ka maoatleng a lefatše, sesosa tsa nyutlelie lerumo tlhaselo ka maemo le maqiti bohlokoa lireng. Ba ne ba boetse ba a hlomelloa le mokhoa oa ho ya tshireletso torpedo.

mofuta o mong oa sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie ke sejana se multipurpose e neng e botjwa bakeng sa ho etsa reconnaissance le paterole mesebetsi, hammoho le ho sebetsana le sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie tsa nyutlelie, ho phetha le ho timetsoa ha likepe sera sa le lijana lipalangoang.

Bōptjoa submarines tsa nyutlelie-tsamaisoa

Creation a sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie tsa nyutlelie ka 1958 o ile a bula nako ea bohlokoa e ncha ntshetsopele ya sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie shipbuilding. Ka lebaka la bothata bona Nyutlelie Shipbuilding malebana le ho hloleha ha sejana ka tlas'a metsi ka tlas'a metsi nako e ngata e se e radically rarolohile. Ho phaella moo, tsoelo-pele ea submarines tsa nyutlelie li lumelloa ho haholo eketsa lebelo la tsoela pele bona e le holim'a metsi 'me ka tlas'a metsi.

Ho fetola dilenaneo matla a sekepe e bile ho ritela bakeng sa nako e telele. Submarines ne ba sa khone ho phetha tse ngata metsing qoela ka lebaka la ho e tlase matla Motors lona motlakase, ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore ba ile ba ba ba lula ba ntlafala. dienjini The peterole e ne e se atlehang ka ho fetisisa mosebetsing oa bona. Le ntle ho moo, ho hlokahala hore Methati khafetsa o ne a ile a etsa hore hape ho hlokahala kamehla boele u moea phepelo.

Pele ea nyutlelie sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie sekepe bōpiloe ke Soviet Union ka 1958, e ne e le K3 "Leninsky Komsomol". Bookmark sejana e ne e entsoe ka 1955. E ne e le palo e kholo ea kholofalo. Tse ngata tsa metsoako ea li entseng ka eona e entsoe ka ho khetheha bakeng sa hae. Kahoo, molao oa ha e so sebediswa bakeng sa sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie vela, empa o ne a etselitsoe e le hore o ne a tla e fumantsa makgetheng lona likepe bakeng sa eona. Ka lebaka lena, hammoho le, ya e le hantle, ho melena nyutlelie, ho hlahloba sekepe se fihla lebelo la 28 mafito. Ho feta moo, ka lebaka lena e ne e se molemo ka ho fetisisa, e le mehlodi ya sekepe ho ne ho sebelisoa ha ho bokgoni feletseng. Ke hloloheloa hae, jwalo ka ha e se e ile a re, le likoli le litšobotsi unreasoned. Ho joalo, ho sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie ne ke se na liankora, a qenehela lijenereithara disele le menyetla ea ho itšireletsa. Le ntle ho moo, o ne a tlameha ho laola e fokolang.

Leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hlokomela hore ka ho khetheha ba bōptjoa bakeng sa mapatlelong hae lumelloa ho koetlisa litho bokamoso ba basebetsi ba pele sengoliloeng se lona le ho retelehela ka bona litsebi, e le hore a nyutlelie-tsamaisoa sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie e ne e khona ho hang-hang ka mor'a pōpong ea phethahatsa mesebetsi ea eona. Russia ea nyutlelie sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe nolofalletsa ho boloka sebaka bo lebisang ea lefatše ho ea ka USSR le sireletsa boipuso ka 90th ea.

Ntshetsopeleng ya indasteri ka 70-90-ogy.

Ho ella bofelong ba bo-60 o - mathoasong a 70-ogy. Re ile ra qala ho ba le submarines bobeli-molokong o mong ka. Di tšoauoa ka e le palo e phahameng ea lebelo, ba ntlafala ba phele ka tshebetso. Ka tlas'a metsi lijana molokong o mong ka bobeli ba 'nile ba a hlomelloa ka motlakase ya tsamaiso e khopo moea ventilation sebakeng sa felloe ke nako lik'hemik'hale kotsi. Ba ne ba boetse ba le ntafaditsweng libetsa tsa elektronike.

Ka nako ya ho tloha 1967 ho 1992 ka dimela tse tharo 48 submarines tsa nyutlelie ba naha eo ho ile ha hahoa. From 1973 ho 1982 Soviet Union e ne e hlahisitseng 18 disele-motlakase submarines, ho ba le molumo oo-'me le monya rabara tlotsitsoeng matlo. boitshomololedi ena e eketsehile haholo reticence bona. Ho phaella moo, bakeng sa ho bokgoni ho feta ho tsona morao-rao ke maemo a nako eo, dienjini disele li ne li kentsoe.

Ho tloha mathoasong a 80-ogy ea tse lekholo tse fetileng, re ile ra qala ho meralo le ho ntshetsa pele moloko oa boraro oa methapo ea ka tlas'a metsi. Ikhethang le litšobotsi tsa bona ka sehloohong tse rarahaneng ho feta libetsa le haholo e ile ea eketseha ho tonnage sejana sa. Ho phaella moo, mosebetsi oa e ile atlehe, 'me ho ntlafatsa submarines stealth, le ho ntlafatsa phumano ea bona ea sera. Lebelo la likepe joalo e ka ba ho fihlela ho 35 mafito. Ntlafala maemo phelang le basesisi ba sekepe. Hape submarines ne a hlomelloa le likamore pholoso, e leng ile a lumella ka taba ea boemo ba tšohanyetso ho finyella sebakeng seo kakaretso ea basesisi ba sekepe, teng ka boemo ka tlas'a metsi.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie Project 941 "Akula", eo ke kholo ka ho fetisisa methapo ea sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie tse lefatšeng. Production ile ea qala ka 1981, 'me ke ba pele ba 90s' palo ea bona e ne e le 6 likoto. Motheong oa libetsa tsa bona e ne e le 20 kholo ka ho fetisisa ea mofuta oa eona metsu tiileng-mafura. Ho phaella moo, submarines tsena li ne li ena le matla selotlolo boemo ba matlo.

ea bone-molokong o mong ka sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie, ntshetswa pele ho tloha qetellong ea lilemo tse 70-ogy., ka 90th. ha hantle ntshetswa pele ka lebaka la ho oa ha USSR le lichelete maqakabetsi 1998. Pefo etsa Leha ho le joalo sebopeho bona e na le melemo e itseng ea bohlokoa, tse neng li totobala ka ho teba ha ho qoelisoa (ho fihlela limithara tse ho 400) le lerata tshebetso tlaase.

Morao-rao Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe

Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe hona joale e na le 76 submarines ya mefuta e fapaneng le merero ea hae. Ka sebaka sa tshebetso sa kopo tsa bona e le karolo ea ho timetsoa ha liphofu tse ka tlas'a metsi le likepe le ho timetsa fatše maqiti lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa sera. Sena se akarelletsa ho submarines disele, 'me libetsa tsa nyutlelie multipurpose submarines, le ballistic lerumo sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie,' me ba sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie morero oa khethehileng.

Motheo oo e leng setho sa Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe, ho etsa likepe tse ileng tsa hahoa nakong ea puso ea Soviet Union. Leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hlokomela hore ka mor'a hore nako e thata ka ho naha ho fihlela e le qalo ea 2000s ea qala ho hlasimolla Russia ea nyutlelie sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe.

Lerumo cruisers morero oa mosolotogamaano

A karolo e itseng e khōlō ea matla a sesole, e emela Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe, ho fihlela submarines tsa nyutlelie 667BDRM porojeke e ne "Dolphin". Ka tšebeletso le naha jwale o tse tsheletseng lijana tse joalo. Kaofela ha bona ba ea Northern Fleet. Hape bo boima tšokelo ho likepe le sera sa ho ba 667BDR porojeke e ne "Kalmar". Ka bomalimabe, hona joale ho li bokeletseng Russia, ho na le tse tharo feela submarines joalo, ka ho fetisisa morao tjena ea eo e ile ea lokolloa ho metsi ka 1982. submarines tsena di malala ka Pacific latitudes.

Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe ka 2014 'me a ithorisa ho ba teng ka sebopeho sa eona, bonyane mokhoa o sa fellang teng pokello ea, submarines ea nyutlelie ea merero 941 le 941UM "Shark." Ka mohlala, ka e ka Leboea ea Fleet na TC-208 cruiser "Dmitry Donskoy".

Multipurpose submarines ea nyutlelie

Sebopeho sa Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe e boetse e akarelletsa haholo ntoa-ea nang le bokhoni selotlolo morero oa submarines nyutlelie. "Pike-B" khanyang baemeli ba bona ba submarines ba Project 971. mosebetsi oa bona ke ho senya submarines, likepe holim'a le liphofu fatše. The armament na le torpedoes bona le metsu Bay. Na submarines tsena ka Northern Fleet (6 likotoana) le Pacific (5 likotoana).

Bohlokoa matla multipurpose submarines tsa nyutlelie tsa Federation Russia bopang porojeke e ne sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie 949F "Antey". Ka nako eo ba ile ba ba ba aba pakeng tsa Northern le Pacific fleets. palo ea bona e fihla likotoana 8.

Ho sheba likepe tsena 'nete ka masoabi tetebetse ka 2000 sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie K-141 "Lipetsk". E ne e le tlokotsi e khōlō ka ho fetisisa ea sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe, e tsebang ho Newest Russia histori. Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe, ka lehlohonolo, ka ho ba sethaleng joale ke boemo haholo robust fetang ka 2000s pele. Sena se etsa bonnete ba hore liphoso le litlokotsi tsa nakong e fetileng ke ke a pheta.

Northern Fleet, har'a lintho tse ling, o na le submarines Project 945 "li-barracuda" le 945F "Condor", complementing le matla a sesole, e leng Russia Navy. 2014 o ile a bona ho tsoibiloang tsa morao-rao K-560 "Severodvinsk". 'Project' ena sekepe 885 "Yasen" e ile ea fetoha seo a se finyeletseng morao-rao tsa shipbuilding ruuoang. Ho ea ka merero ea boeta-pele ba naheng eo ka 2020 likepe tsena e rerile ho hlahisa likotoana 8.

submarines bao e seng ea nyutlelie

Kholo ka ho fetisisa ho ea ka palo maikutlo a submarines disele-motlakase oa Project 877 submarines ke "Halibut". Ba ka tšebeletso ea ka e ka Leboea, Leoatle la Pacific le Black Sea fleets. Ho na le mefuta e sa tsoaneng tse 'maloa tsa mosebetsi ona. Hape, Black Sea Fleet submarines rerile ho boele u ka mo porojekeng 636,3 - B-261 "Novorossiysk" e na le likotoana 5.

Nakong e fetileng, ho ne ho merero bohlokoa bakeng sa selelekela tsa ntoa oona tsamaisong likepe moralo 677 "Lada". Leha ho le joalo, liteko tse o ile a bontša likheo kgolo ka sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie moralo, e le hore le ditsebi tsa tlameha ho etsa liphetoho tse khōlō.

mefuta e meng ea submarines

Ka tlas'a metsi US Navy le Russia, ha re ntse re tseba, ke motsoako oa submarines matla ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ka bophara. Leha ho le joalo, linaheng tsena ka bobeli, ho eloa hloko haholo e leshwa ho rala le ho bōptjoa ha e thepa e khethehileng ka tlas'a metsi. Kahoo, e ncha Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe na pholoso submersibles Project 1855 "Moputso". E o tsejoa hore feela North likepe e kenyeletsa submersibles leshome litaelo tse sa tšoaneng, tse tšoaroa joaloka thepa pholoso le ho etsa lipatlisiso.

Har'a sekepe ho fetisisa tsebahalang a maqheka joalo ka ho builoeng JOALOKAHA-12 "Losharik" ea nang le bokhoni ba ho finyella bolibeng telele ho fihlela ho km 'maloa. Ho joalo, sesebediswa sena ka 2012 o ile a etsa mosebetsi oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka ho Arctic ka ka botebo ba km 2.

Litebello tsa tsoelo-pele ea indasteri e

Ho sa tsotellehe ho fokotseha ea naha ka '90s, fetisisa ka matla amang shipbuilding ka tlas'a metsi, re ka bolela hore ka e le qalo ea 2000s ea. Boemo bona bo ile ba qala ho fetola butle-butle. Ho phaella moo, ho na le ke popularization ea sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe, ba keteka matsatsi a hopolehang habonolo. Ho joalo, ka 2006, o ile a le lilemo li 100 Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie likepe, ka mor'a moo metseng e mengata e neng e tšoaretsoe mekete le buloa Ufa submariners Monument. Ho phaella moo, naha ka selemo keteka Russia sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie ka March 19. Nalane ya likepe Russia itsesewe 'me e ba sechaba. Mosebetsi diver hohela baithuti tse ngata.

Leha ho le joalo, tsoelo-pele ea indasteri e ka kakaretso ba lokela ho haholo-holo ho thehoa moralo le popo ea mefuta e mecha ea submarines. Kahoo, ka 2020 e rerile ho etsa ho fihlela ho e mengata e 'maloa ea submarines ncha. E rerile ho meralo ya tlhahiso ntlafalitsoeng ea Project 677 "Lada" le tšebeliso ea matla a morao-rao semela. E tla ka tsela eo ba le mohato o bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea batho bao e seng tsa nyutlelie sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie shipbuilding.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho lefa tsa Soviet Union ka mokgwa wa submarines khale butle-butle e ngotsweng theoha le nkeloa sebaka ke lithulusi tse ncha. Kahoo, ka Serussia sa metsing sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie musiamo porojeke e ne e ile redesigned sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie B-ya 396 CDB ME "Rubin". O ile a ne e le karolo ea Russia Northern Fleet 'me a sebeletsa ho fihlela 2000.