Sebabole metsoako. Tekanyo ea ho kena moea sebabole ka metsoako ena. Sebabole metsoako ea moralo

chalcogen lesikeng akarelletsa ho sebabole, - sa Karolo ea bobeli le khonang ho eaba ba etsa palo e kholo ea mobung manya. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides metsoako e meng sebabole li atile haholo, 'me habohlokoa le liindasteri tlhaho. Ka lebaka leo, sehloohong sena re tla sheba seo ba leng sona, hore e emela ka sebabole ka boeona, lona e le taba e bonolo.

Sebabole le characterization lona

elements ena e na le boemo bo latelang tsamaisong ea nako le nako.

1. Sehlopha botšelela, sehlopha se ka sehloohong.
2. Karolo ea boraro nyane nako.
3. Atomic boima - 32,064.
4. Serial palo - 16, protons le dieleketerone hammoho le 16 neutron.
5. Le bua ka likarolo, bao e seng tšepe.
6. Ka mekhoa ea ho bala e le "fi", lebitso la elements sebabole, Latin sebabole.

Ka tlhaho, ho na le a mane isotopes tsitsitseng le linomoro boima 32,33,34 le 36. Sena elements ea botšelela atileng ka ho fetisisa linthong tsa tlhaho. Le bua ka boemo ba leholimo biogenic, e le karolo ea limolek'hule bohlokoa manyolo.

Sebopeho tsa elektronike tsa athomo e

Sebabole metsoako li bakoa ke mefuta e fapaneng ya ditshebetso tsa sebopeho ka elektroniki tsa athomo ka. E bontša hore ke moralo o latelang phetolo: 1s bo 2 ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ bo3 3p ^4.

Taelo holimo bontša boemo tsitsitseng ea elements ea. Empa rea tseba hore haeba athomo ho fana ka matla a eketsehileng, ho ka etsahala ho para roba dieleketerone ka 3p le bo3-sublayer, lateloa ke phetoho e 'ngoe ho 3d, se ntseng free. Ka lebaka leo, hase feela fetola valence tsa athomo e, empa hape e bolela ho khoneha ho kena moea. palo ea bona e haholo e eketsehileng hammoho le palo ea dintho e fapaneng le sebabole.

Tekanyo ea ho kena moea sebabole ka metsoako

Ho na le le dikgetho tse mmalwa tsa motheo tsa pontshi ena. Sebabole ke:

• -2;
• +2;
• 4;
• 6.

Tsena, ka ho fetisisa ka seoelo S ^+2, ba bang kaofela ba hasaneng hohle. Tekanyo ea ho kena moea oa metsoako sebabole ka reactivity itšetlehileng ka eona le oxidizing matla a dintho tsohle. Mohlala, metsoako le -2 - e sulfides. Ba ne ba nka re elements tloaelehileng tsa moemeli oxidizing.

A phahameng tekanyo ea ho ho kena moea ka ho kompone, e phatlalatsoe ho sa tla hlola ba le oxidizing bokhoni ba ntho. Ena e habonolo bone haeba re hopola acid tse peli tsa motheo tseo theha sebabole:

• H ₂ SO ₃ - sulfurous;
• H ₂ SO ₄ - acid e sulfuric.

E o tsejoa hore ea bobeli le lintho tse ngata ho feta e tsitsitseng, o matla komponeng le ea mahloriso phahameng oa bokhoni tebileng haholo ho oxidize.

ntho e bonolo

E bonolo ntho sebabole ke mosehla kristale ntle a bataletseng o molelele o nepahetse. Leha ena ke feela e 'ngoe ea mefuta, hobane ho na le tse peli tse ka sehloohong allotropic diphetolo tsa ntho ena. Ntlha ea pele, monoclinic kapa orthorhombic - ena ke mosehla bonaletsang ntho, se qhibilihang ka har'a ka metsi, empa feela ka solvents manyolo. Khetholleha fragility le ntle sebopeho sebopeho emeloa ka mokgwa wa moqhaka. Qhibiliha ntlha - ka 110 ⁰ C.

Haeba u ha ba tlōla-tlōla ntlha lipakeng ke futhumatsang phetolo ea joalo, hoa khoneha hore motho ka nako e loketseng lemoha boemo 'ngoe - polasetiki sebabole. Ke rubbery viscous sootho tharollo, e leng holim 'a futhumatsang eketsehileng kapa tima hape fetelang ka foromo rhombic.

Ha re bua ka sebabole lik'hemik'hale bo hloekileng, o ile a fumana ke filtrations multiple, ke e khanyang mosehla kristale tse nyenyane, senyeha habonolo le insoluble ho feletseng ka metsing. Ea nang le bokhoni hotetsa ka kopana le mongobo le oksijene sepakapakeng. Fapana mosebetsi lekaneng phahameng lik'hemik'hale.

Ho ba ka tlhaho

Ka tlhaho, ho na le mokhoa oa tlhaho depositi tseo metsoako sebabole ba ntšitsoeng ka boeena e le ntho e bonolo. Ho phaella moo, ho na le:

• ka liminerale, tšepe le majoe;
• ka liphoofolo, limela le batho, e le karolo ea limolek'hule tse ngata tse phelang;
• ka likhase tlhaho, oli e tala le mashala;
• ka oli shale le metsi tlhaho.

U ka bolela tse seng kae tsa ruileng liminerale sebabole:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• Galena le ba bang.

Boholo ba sebabole hlahiswa kajeno tsoela ho hlahisoeng ha sulphate. karolo e 'ngoe e sebelisetsoa merero ea bongaka, temo, liindasteri lik'hemik'hale dithulaganyo difeme.

thepa 'meleng

Ba ile ba ka hlalosa ka lirapa tse seng kae.

1. metsi a insoluble carbon disulfide, turpentine, kapa - hantle qhibiliha.
2. Ka nako e telele khohlano bakoang ke qoso negative.
3. Qhibiliha ntlha ea 110 ⁰ C.
4. The belisoa ntlha ea 190 ⁰ C.
5. A fihla 300 ⁰ C le fetisa ka mokelikeli-phallang.
6. A ntho e hloekileng ke khona ho intša hotetsa chang thepa ke molemo haholo.
7. Ka boeona e na le hoo e ka bang ha ho fofonela, empa metsoako sebabole hydrogen emit monko go utlwala mahe bolileng. Hammoho le ba bang ba baemeli ba binary gaseous.

The thepa 'meleng oa ntho ka potso o ne a tsejoa ho batho ba ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo. Ho bakeng combustibility bona oa sebabole le a lebitso la eona. Ka lintoa sebediswa asphyxiating le qhala mosi chefo hore ba generated nakong combustion ya motsoako, e le sebetsa se khahlanong le lira. Ho phaella moo, acid e le sebabole hape kamehla ne bohlokwa liindasteri.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

Sehlooho: "Sebabole le metsoako lona" ha nka thuto ea sekolo k'hemistri le hantle, empa a 'maloa. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, e ngata ho bona. Sena ke ka lebaka la mosebetsi lik'hemik'hale ea ntho ena. Ho ka ba ka bobeli thepa oxidizing ka fokotsa mahlahana matla (tšepe, boron, joalo-joalo), le ho tsosolosoa ha ho fetisisa-tšepe batho bao e seng.

Leha ho le joalo, le hoja mosebetsi jwalo feela ka sebelisana fluorine o tsoela pele tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng. Bakeng sa mong le e mong e mong, o batla ho futhumatsa. dihlopha tse 'maloa tsa thepa ka ya thontsweng, e leng matla a ho itšoara le sebabole:

• tšepe;
• bao e seng tšepe;
• alkalis;
• matla oxidizing acid e - sulfuric, le nitric.

Sebabole metsoako: mefuta e

Tse fapa-fapaneng bohlokoa ba 'ona e tla hlalosoa ka likhato tse sa tšoaneng tsa setho ho kena moea botlaaseng - sebabole. Joalo, le mefuta e 'maloa tsa motheo tsa dintho ka ho tsejoa ka lebaka la:

• komponeng le ho kena moea -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Ha re nahana ka lihlopha, 'me e se pontshi valences, sena elements liforomo limolek'hule tse kang:

• asiti;
• oxides;
• metsoako sebabole haedrojene;
• letsoai;
• metsoako binary le-tšepe batho bao e seng (k'habone disulfide, chloride);
• manyolo dintho.

Joale ak'u nahane ka batho ba ka sehloohong, 'me fa mehlala.

Dintho le ho kena moea -2

metsoako sebabole 2 - ke conformation lona le tšepe, hammoho le:

• k'habone;
• haedrojene;
• phosphorus;
• silicon e;
• arsenic;
• boron.

Maemong ana, ho nka khato e le moemeli oxidizing, kaha boemo ba leholimo tsena tsohle eketsehileng electropositive. Nahana ka batho ba bohlokoa ka ho khetheha.

1. K'habone disulphide - nt _2. The mokelikeli sebeletsang pepeneneng le e monate monko phenylate. E nang le chefo e, chang ntho le phatlohang. Sebelisoa e le solvent ka, 'me bakeng sa mefuta e boholo ba oli, mafura, bao e seng tšepe, nitrate silevera, halogenated le rubbers. Ho boetse ho na le karolo ea bohlokoa ho tlhahiso ea silika maiketsetso - viscose. indasteri e tsa maiketsetso tse ngata tse khōlō.
2. Haedrojene sulphide kapa sulphide hydrogen - H ₂ S. The khase, ba se nang 'mala o le tatso e monate. Monko o matla, a sa thabiseng haholo, re hopotsang lehe bolileng. Chefo, depresses le setsi sa ho hema ke tsoang le ions koporo. Ka hona, ha ho tluoa tabeng ea chefo bipetsana le lefu. Ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka meriana, tswakana manyolo, tlhahiso ea asiti sulfuric le thepa e energetically tšoanelang tala.
3. sulfides tšepe tse pharaletseng sebelisoa ka meriana, tlhahiso acid e sulfuric, ho pente difeme phosphors, 'me libakeng tse ling. Kakaretso moralo - Me _x S _featswan.

Metsoako ho ba le tekanyo ea ho kena moea oa +4

Sebabole metsoako 4 - e ka go tlhaolega e oxide e le letsoai ho ngollana le asiti. Kaofela ha bona ke metsoako neng li tloaelehile haholo ho ba le boleng itseng ho indasteri e. Ba ile ba ka sebeletsa e le oxidants, empa ho fetisisa bontša fokotsa thepa.

metsoako moralo sebabole ka mmuso ho kena moea +4 latelang:

• dioxide e sebabole SO ₂ - oxide _e;
• acid e - sulfurous H ₂ SO _3;
• matsoai na le moralo o balletsweng kakaretso _{Me: x} (SO _{3) y el.}

E mong oa atileng ka ho fetisisa ke sebabole dioxide, kapa anhydride. Ke ntho colorless nang le monko oa mollo ea secheso. Ka lihlopha tse khōlō ha thehoa nakong ea phatloha ea foqoha seretse se chesang, lona ka nako ena ke ho le bonolo ho tseba hore na ke monko.

Ho qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a le sebopeho sa habonolo a bolang acid e - sebabole. Ho itshwara ka e tloaelehileng ea acid e oxide e liforomo matsoai, tse akarelletsang e sulfite Ion SO ₃ ^2-. Sena anhydride - khase mathomo, e leng ama tikoloho sepakapaka tšilafalo. Hore e ama sebopeho sa pula acid e. Industrially sebelisoa ka proizvodnje acid e sulfuric.

Metsoako oo sebabole ka mmuso ho kena moea +6

Tsena li akarelletsa anhydride haholo-holo sulfuric le asiti sulfuric le matsoai lona:

• sulfates;
• sulfate hydrogen.

Ho tloha athomo sebabole ho eona ke ka boemo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho kena moea, 'me thepa ea metsoako tsena ke explainable haholo. Ba oxidants matla.

Sebabole oxide e (VI) - sebabole trioxide - e emela ka colorless mokelikeli ho hloka botsitso. A tsobotsi bath - e matla desiccant bokhoni. Outdoors smokes. Ha qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a eona e fana ka e 'ngoe ea matla ka ho fetisisa acid matsoai - sulfuric. The tharollo khobokellane se boima hanyenyane yellowish mafura mokelikeli. Ha anhydride e qhalwa ho ya ka acid e sulfuric, re fumana motsoako o itseng bitsoa oleum. E sebelisoa ho indasteri bakeng sa tlhahiso ea asiti.

Har'a letsoai - sulphate - ke metsoako ea bohlokoa haholo tse kang:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• le matsoai;
• dimethyl sulfate le ba bang.

Ba li sebelisoa kaho, tswakana lik'hemik'hale, meriana, le proizvodnje oa liletsa Optical le likhalase le esita le indasteri ea lijo.

Hydrogensulfates ba ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ka metallurgy, moo sebelisoa e ts'ebetsong le. 'Me ba thusa ho fetolela ngata oxides e rarahaneng ka foromo qhibilihang ka har'a sulfate hore e sebelisoa ka liindasteri loketseng.

Ho ithuta sebabole ka tsela k'hemistri sekolo

Ha ke molemo ka ho fetisisa e le assimilation oa tsebo ke liithuti hore ke sebabole, ba thepa lona seo, seo e leng motsoako oa sebabole? Sehlopheng 9 - nako ea khomo. Sena ha se qalong feela, ha bana bohle ba bacha le tse sa tloaelehang. Sena ke bohareng ho ithuta k'hemistri, ha ho be le metheo rala pele ho moo, e tla thusa utloisisa ka botlalo taba ena. Ka hona, ka ho nahanela ya data e lokolloa ke halofo ea bobeli ea sehlopha se abeloang mangolo. The sehlooho kaofela e arotsoe ho na le masakana a 'maloa, tseo e emela ka thoko thuto "Sebabole metsoako. Class 9".

Sena ke ka ntlha ya go palo ea tsona e khōlō. Hape ka thoko nkoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea asiti sulfuric ho indasteri e. Ka kakaretso, sehlooho sena se e fanoeng ke karolelano ea lihora tse 3.

Empa metsoako manyolo oa sebabole di romelwa ho ithuta feela sehlopheng bo10, ha litokollo tsa li nkoa manyolo. Hape angoa ke le baeloji sekolong se phahameng. Ha e le hantle, sebabole ke karolo ea hlahisa limolek'hule tse kang:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• liprotheine (e phahameng sebopeho, e leng sebopeho sa marokho disulfide);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• asiti sulfonic;
• sulphoxides le ba bang.

Di ka thōko ka sehlopha fapaneng tsa metsoako organosulfur. Ke ba bohlokoa, eseng feela ka le thulaganyo likokoana-hloko tsa libōpuoa tse phelang, empa hape ho indasteri. Mohlala, sulfonic acid e - motheong oa lithethefatsi tse ngata (aspirini, sulfanilamide kapa streptocid).

Ho feta moo, metsoako sebabole joalo ka ho sa feleng karolo joalokaha ba bang:

• -amino acid;
• enzyme;
• divithamini;
• hormone.