Rarahaneng metsoako: nomenclature le tlhophiso

Kholo ka ho fetisisa ho fetisisa le tse fapa-fapaneng har'a thepa inorganic ke sehlopha sa tsa metsoako e rarahaneng. Ena ka ngotsoe ke sehlopha sa metsoako organometallic, tse kang chlorophyll le hemoglobin. Ho dikgokelo tsena ke borokho bo kopanyang ea k'hemistri inorganic le manyolo ea saense e momahaneng. Le ea bohlokoa haholo seabo ntshetsopele ya thepa e rarahaneng tsebo tšimong ea k'hemistri katisediwa le kristale k'hemistri, ho ithuta dithulaganyo bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa likokoana-hloko: tala, ka hare (lisele) respiration.

A sehloohong sena a re tla hlahloba sebopeho le nomenclature tsa metsoako e rarahaneng, hammoho le melao-motheo tsa motheo tsa tlhophiso bona.

khopolo hokahanngoe A. Werner

Qetellong ea XX lekholong la lilemo la Switzerland rasaense A. Werner ipakile hore molek'hule ntho efe kapa efe e rarahaneng ke mehaho e 'maloa eo ba' nile ba ho latellana bitsoa ka Ion bohareng, ligands (ligands) le le ka ntle ho hokahanngoe chitja. Hore re ne re tlhophiso e hlakileng le e nomenclature tsa metsoako e rarahaneng, re hlalosa bopa dikgopolo tsa tsena ka hloko. Kahoo, A. Werner e se e proven ka ho ba teng ha Ion molek'hule (hangata sebele qosoa), eo ae phethang e le boemo ba bohareng. O ile a tsejoa e le moemeli complexing, ho Ion bohareng kapa athomo. Ho ka 'na ba haufi le limolek'hule tsa ka ho se nke lehlakore, e bitsoang ligands,' me hampe qosoa anions likaroloana hore bopa ka hare ho hokahanngoe lekala la boitsebiso boo. likaroloana tsohle setseng eo ha a kena ka ho eona, theha khetla ka ntle la molek'hule ena.

Kahoo, ka moralo cuprite sodium Na ₂ [cu (OH) _4], bohareng koporo athomo ka ho kena moea boemo +2 le tse 'nè gidroksogrupp etsa le lefapheng lefe kapa lefe e ka hare, ha ions sodium ba sebakeng hōjana le athomo e bohareng ka boemong ba ka ntle.

Mekhoa ho beha mekhoa tsepamiso le mabitso a dintho

Ho fihlela joale, khopolo ea ho A. Werner e ka sehloohong nankolo leo ithuta mehahong e rarahaneng. Nomenclature, ke hore,, mabitso a dintho tsena di laolwa ke melao ea sebelisoa ke Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa ya mogopolofela le sebelisoa k'hemistri.

Re fana ka mehlala e 'maloa ea mekhoa ea dintho, e leng e na le polatinamo complexing athomo - K ₂ [PtCl _6] kapa limolek'hule NH ₃ - [Ag (NH _{3) 2]} CL. Ha e ntse e ile, moralo wa ka ho nkiloeng ho sebelisoa mekhoa e latelang: liphetoho habeli phapanyetsano, molare conductivity ea ditharollo X-ray diffraction mokhoa. Nahana ka mekhoa ena ka ho qaqileng.

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe mohaho oa metsoako e rarahaneng polatinamo

Dintho tsa sehlopha sena li tšoauoa ke boteng ka molek'hule ea bohareng polatinamo athomo. Ha komponeng PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ ketso tharollo ea nitrate silevera, ebe tsohle chlorine le teng ka lintho tse bonahalang tse amanang le liathomo tšepe le AgCl thehoa flakes tšoeu. Sena se bolela hore kaofela ha anions ba chloride ka le ka ntle ho hokahanngoe boemong, athe limolek'hule le ammonia ne amahanngoa le e bohareng polatinamo athomo le 'moho le eona ka makala a ka hare thehoa.

Lona ho bolela ho hokahanngoe komponeng ea moralo e tlalehiloeng ka foromo ena: [PT (NH _{3) 6]} CL ₄ 'me a bitsa polatinamo hexammine chloride. Ka ho sebelisa X-ray diffraction mokhoa, ho litsebi tsa metsoako tsa utolola le metsoako e meng e rarahaneng eo nomenclature tla hlomamisa ka karolo e tlang.

Metsoako bonaletsang tsa chromium

Sebōpeho sa sehlopha sena ba dintho e se e tsejoa ka tshebetso meleng X-ray diffraction tsa motheo X-ray diffraction hlahlojoe. Ea fetang ka lekhoakhoa kristale, e tsokoang motlakase hasane ke ketso ea dieleketerone tsa ntho teko. Sena se etsa hore ho ka khoneha ka tsela e nepahetseng haholo ho bona hore tseo lihlopha tsa liathomo tse ka libaka lekhoakhoa. ngollana nomenclature tsa metsoako e rarahaneng ileng ba bōptjoa ho kristale chromium-e nang. Mehlala ea mabitso isomeric hydrates tsa terifalente matsoai, huleloa ka X-ray diffraction mokhoa, ke tse latelang: tetraakvadihlorohroma chloride (III), pentaakvahlorohroma chloride (III).

Ho ile ha fumanoa hore ka thepa tsena chromium athomo tlameha ho ligands tse tsheletseng fapaneng. Kamoo ka hore na sekhahla le ntlha e leha e le efe e amang palo hokahanngoe?

E le athomo e bohareng e amahanngoa le ligands

E le ho araba lipotso tse botsitsoeng ka holimo, re hopola hore sebakeng se haufi hang-hang ba moemeli complexing ke mehaho e 'maloa, ba bitselitsoeng ligands, kapa ligands. palo ea bona kaofela, le etsang qeto ea hore palo tšebelisano. Ho ea ka khopolo ea ho A. Werner, baeti ba fihlelang, tlhophiso le nomenclature tsa metsoako e rarahaneng tse ka kotloloho itšetlehile ka pontshi ena. E correlatively amanang le ho kena moea tsa athomo e bohareng. Ka metsoako ea polatinamo, chromium tšepe hokahanngoe palo ea tse lekanang ka ho fetisisa ho tse tsheletseng; haeba moemeli complexing e emeloang ke liathomo tsa koporo kapa zinki - mane haeba athomo bohareng ke silevera kapa koporo - tse peli.

Types of metsoako e rarahaneng

Ka k'hemistri, khetholloa e le litlelase tsa ba ka sehloohong le palo ea dintho e mmuisi pakeng tsa bona. Tšohloa kgale metsoako kakareso rarahaneng eo nomenclature bontša ho ba teng e ka sebopeho bona ea limolek'hule metsi ke aquacomplexes. Ke ammine kenyeletsa dintho tse nang le ammonia likaroloana nke lehlakore, tse kang triamminrody triiodo. Phoofolo sebopeho limolek'hule tsa sehlopha sa tsa metsoako chelating. lebitso la bona le tsoa lentsoe chelicera likokoana-hloko - jwalo bitsoa claw decapod. dintho tsena li na ligand, e tlhaloganya sebaka phetolo e akarelletsang complexing moemeli, joaloka manala a eona. metsoako tseo li akarelletsa ferric oxalate rarahaneng, etilendiamminovy polatinamo rarahaneng le ho kena moea boemo +4, aminoacetic acid e letsoai, e leng e na le ions tsa rhodium, polatinamo kapa koporo.

Melao bakeng sa go kokoanya dintlhakhutlogo mabitso a metsoako e rarahaneng

The atileng ka ho fetisisa teko potso ka batla k'hemistri ka tsela ea sekolo se phahameng o re: bitsa komponeng e rarahaneng ea IUPAC-nomenclature. Ka mohlala e itseng, re sekaseka-tharabololo go kokoanya dintlhakhutlogo sehlooho ntho ho ba le moralo o balletsweng e latelang: (NH _{4) 2} [PT (OH) ₂ CL _4].

1. Lebitso la qala ka ho beha ka bophara le ka hare ho hokahanngoe chitja. E na le lihlopha hydroxyl le anions tsa chloride. dihlooho tsena eketsa -o ipolaea. Re fumana digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Hona joale re fumana moemeli complexing sebelisa notation hae Latin lebitso, 'me eketsa tlhokeng le suffix -AT ka parentheses tla bontša lengolo la lona la ho kena moea: platinate (IV).
3. O qetile ka hare letshwao boemong, fallela ka ntle. Re e bitsa ealogy: ka mohlala ona ke ions ammonium.

Ka lebaka leo, ntho e tla ba le sehlooho sa seo kaofela ha sebopeho ka holimo ho tse thathamisitsoeng.

Tshebediso ya metsoako e rarahaneng

Qalong ea sehlooho sena re bitsoa baemeli ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa dintho organometallic kang haemoglobin, chlorophyll, divithamini. Ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho metabolism. Ho pharaletseng sebelisoa metsoako e rarahaneng ka lipotoloho theknoloji ya qhibiliha tšepe ferrous le batho bao e seng ferrous. Karolo ea bohlokoa e bapalla carbonyls metallurgy - itseng rarahaneng metsoako eo nomenclature bontša ho ba teng ka limolek'hule tsa bona tsa carbon monoxide CO ka ligand ka. metsoako tsena li bole tlas'a futhumatsang le fokotswa lirafshoa tse kang nikele, tšepe, cobalt tloha tšepe bona. mehahong fetisisa ba a boela a sebelisa jwalo ka etswa ha ka liphetoho e hlahisa lipolisheng, pente le dipolasetiki.