Phetoho ea Khoebo Russia

Phetoho ea liindasteri ke phetoho ea tlhahiso e ntle, e hlophisitsoeng ke mosebetsi oa matsoho, ho fektheri e le 'ngoe. Tshebetso ena e itšetlehile ka tšebeliso e pharaletseng ea mechine. Phetoho ea liindasteri Russia e qalile lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, lilemong tse 30-40, 'me ea fela lilemong tse mashome a mararo a lekholo le le leng la lilemo.

Phetoho ea indasteri e qalile ka liindasteri tseo ho tsona mosebetsi oa matsoho o neng o tloaelehile ka ho fetisisa. Ea pele e ne e le indasteri ea k'hothone. Mesebetsi e ile ea qala ho kenngoa ka pampiri, masela le tlhahiso e 'ngoe. Ho ile ha boela ha thehoa likhoebo tsa mechine Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod le metse e meng.

Phetoho ea liindasteri Russia karolong ea pele e ne e khetholloa ke ts'ebeliso e sebetsang ea lipalangoang, literene le boema-fofane, pele ho tsohle. Ka 1837 terene ea pele e ile ea bōptjoa. O ile a kopanya motse oa Tsar le Petersburg. 'Me ka 1851 ho ile ha behoa marulelo pakeng tsa St. Petersburg le Moscow.

Phetoho ea indasteri naheng eo e ile ea qala hamorao ho feta linaheng tsa Europe, tse ntseng li ntlafala moruong. Kahoo, ka mohlala, Engelane e se e ntse e le lilemong tsa mashome a tšeletseng a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo mektheri ea pele e qalile ho bōptjoa.

Phetoho ea indasteri Russia e ile ea qala maemong a moruo oa boipheliso. Sena, ha e le hantle, se bile le phello e mpe haholo lebelo le geography ea phetoho ea indasteri. Ka lebaka leo, likhoebo tsa indasteri li ne li abuoa ka mokhoa o sa tšoaneng ho pholletsa le naha.

Phetoho ea liindasteri Russia qalong e ne e khetholloa ke ho theoha ho itseng ha ho bōptjoa lihlooho tse khōlō. Kaha li tsoa liphaephe, bahoebi ba bangata ha baa ka ba fuoa litokelo tsa molao. Tabeng ena, ba ne ba sa khone ho ba le lifeme, ba setseng ba itšetlehile ka matla a beng ba matlo.

Phetoho ea liindasteri Russia ha ea ka ea tlatsetsa ho nts'etsopele ea lihlopha tse ncha-basebeletsi ba indasteri le bo-rakhoebo. Sena se ne se bakoa ke ho sireletsa tsamaiso ea moruo ea moruo. Mektheri le lifeme e ne e le lihoai tse futsanehileng. Tabeng ena, ho hlophisoa ha basebetsi ha hoa ka ha e-ba teng kamehla likhoebong tsa khoebo, 'me basebetsi ka bobona ba ne ba e-na le maemo a tlase a tlaase.

Phetoho ea bobeli ea indasteri e qalile qetellong ea lilemo tse mashome a supileng le mashome a mabeli lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. Ka nako eo, lihlahisoa tse fetang halofo tsa thepa ea indasteri li ne li hlahisoa ke likhoebo tse neng li e-na le thepa le lisebelisoa tsa steam, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore thepa ena e sebetse.

Phetoho ea liindasteri e amehile (ntle le k'hothone, pampiri le indasteri ea tsoekere) ts'ebeliso ea tšepe le morafo, masela le textile, tsebo ea boenjiniere le ea boea. Ka nako ena tlhahiso ea fektheri e ne e le ea bohlokoa ho feta litšoantšo tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho.

Phetoho ea indasteri karolong ea bobeli e ne e e-na le likarolo tse ikhethang. Phetoho ena e ile ea tsoela pele ka maemo a macha: serfere e ile ea felisoa , liphetoho tsa sechaba li ile tsa etsoa . Liphetoho tsena kaofela li felisitse litšitiso tse ngata ho thehoa ha tsamaiso ea capitalist naheng.

Ho phaella moo, makala a macha a indasteri a ile a qala ho thehoa: petrochemical, ho haha mochine, lik'hemik'hale le tse ling.

Phetoho ea lichelete e entse hore ho hlahe libaka (Baku, Krivorozhye, Donbas), ntle le meetlo ea serame mme ka potlako ho nts'etsopele maemo a macha a moruo le moruo.

Ha ho pelaelo hore phetoho ea liindasteri e bile le liphello tsa bohlokoa tsa sechaba. Lihlopha tse ncha li qalile ho theha. Ka mor'a liphetoho, bo-rakhoebo ba likhoebo ba ile ba qala ho tlatsa batho ba tsoang ho ba boholong, bahoebi, bahoebi, bahlomphehi.

Basebetsi ba ne ba boetse ba thehoa ka mafolofolo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, basebeletsi ba setsebi ba ile ba tsoelapele ho ba boemong bo thata. Maemo a ho sebetsa a ne a sa khotsofatse, letsatsi le sebetsang le ne le le telele haholo, ho ne ho se na tlōlo ea molao, ho ne ho se na molao oa basebetsi, inshorense ea bongaka. Ka lebaka lena, lilemong tsa mashome a robeli le tse mashome a mararo, lipuo tsa basebeletsi ba pele li ile tsa etsahala (mohlala, mohato oa Morozov ka 1885).