Meru e tsoakiloeng ba Russia. Limela le liphoofolo tsa moru tsoakiloeng. Mobu tsoakane meru

Broadleaf le meru e tsoakiloeng etsa e nyenyane haholo peresente ya libaka morung oa Russia, ho feta taiga phaene. Siberia, ba ile ba ba le sieo ka ho feletseng. Broadleaf le meru e tsoakiloeng tloaelehileng bakeng sa karolo Europe la Russia le sebakeng Hōle Bochabela. mofuta oa bona deciduous le lifate phaene. Ba seng feela ba le ho hlophisoa e tsoakiloeng ba liluloana moru, empa e boetse e le mefuta e fapaneng ya liphoofolo tse hlaha e fapaneng, ho hanyetsa litšusumetso bohloko a tikoloho, sebōpeho sa litšoantšo ka.

Mefuta le layering meru e tsoakiloeng

Ho na le lintho tse nyenyane-leaved le phaene bile ba kopanya meru deciduous. Pele hōla haholo-holo libakeng tse le kontinenteng. meru e tsoakiloeng ba le ka ho hlaka bonahalang layering (liphetoho ka ho hlophisoa ha limela, ho itšetlehile ka ba bolelele). The le litekanyetso topmost - phahameng phaene, phaene, a eike. Hanyenyane ka tlaase ho hōla birch, maples, elms, lindens, hlaha pere le mela lifate, e monyenyane oakery le ba bang. Ho ekelletsa moo ho na le lifate ka tlaase: Rowan, viburnum jj Next le litekanyetso lihlahla foromo: .. Viburnum, Hazel, Hawthorn, hlaha a ema lihlahla, tse tala le ba bang ba bangata. Next tla le lihlahla. Ka tlase haholo a le ntseng le hōla litlama, boriba le mosses.

liforomo lipakeng le matsoalloa a moo meru phaene-nyenyane-leaved

E le karolo ea thahasellisang ke hore e tsoakiloeng-leaved tse fapaneng li nkoa e le feela e sethaleng lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa moru phaene. Leha ho le joalo, ba ile ba tla 'me matsoalloa a moo: tse fapaneng ea lejoe birch (Kamchatka), meru birch morung, lifate Aspen le mokhoabo alder (boroa ea karolo e Europe la Russia). nyenyane-leaved mofuta moru ke e khanyang haholo. E khothalletsa batho kgolo ya behang haholo tsa sekoahelo sa eona joang le mefuta-futa e lona. Phaene moru tsoakiloeng broadleaf mofuta, ke lehlakoreng le leng, o re ho setaleng lihlopha tsa tlhaho. E ajoa ka libaka phetoho pakeng tsa mefuta e boreal le deciduous. meru phaene-deciduous hola lithoteng tsa le ka libaka tlaase lithaba le maemo a bonolo le mongobo klimate.

Zone tsoakane le deciduous meru

meru phaene-deciduous hōla libakeng tse futhumetseng tsa libaka le mocheso. Di khetholloa ka a sa tsoaneng a le esita le boleng ba sekoahelo joang. Hola hlobolisa hill tloha European Russia ho Bochabela bo Hōle. naha ea tsona e loketseng batho. Ka boroa ho taiga le ke libaka tsa meru e tsoakiloeng. Ba hasane holim 'a sebaka sohle sa Bochabela bo European Plain le Urals (ho fihlela ho e sebakeng Amur). U se ke ua theha libaka e tsoelang pele.

Kirx European Moeli o karolo broadleaf le meru e tsoakiloeng leboea larileng ka 57 ° c. w Le. Ka holimo e disappears hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng eike (e mong oa sefate senotlolo). South hoo e ka bang e ama moeli o ka leboea oa steppe moru, moo phaene disappears ka ho feletseng. libaka Ena ke kabelo ea ka sebōpeho sa triangolo ka, divertise tse peli tsa tsona li ka Russia (Ekaterinburg, St. Petersburg), 'me ea boraro - ka Ukraine (Kiev). Ke hore, e le hole ho tswa ho sebakeng sa mathomo ho broadleaf leboea le meru e tsoakiloeng butle-butle ikhula libakeng tse tlisitseng. Ba khetha mofuthu le sireletswa ho meea e leqhoa ea phula noka le phihlelo holim 'a mafika carbonate. Ho ea ka mo morung oa mofuta deciduous bile ba kopanya tsa tse fapaneng tse nyenyane butle-butle fihle le taiga.

Bochabela European Plain ke hangata e tlase-ho bua leshano le a bataletseng sebaka, empa ka linako tse ling ho na le maralla. Mona ke tšimoloho, matamo a ho sesa le watersheds tsa linōka kholo ka ho fetisisa Russia: e Dnieper, Volga, Bophirimela Dvina. floodplains bona makhulo a patiwa le meru le makhulo. Libakeng tse ling, ho mabalane, ka lebaka la planar ea tlase ho lefatshe, hammoho le ho phalla e fokolang, ka linako tse ling mokhoabo haholo. Ho na le boetse ho na le libakeng tse ka mobu lehlabathe, eo hola meru phaene. The mokhoabo oo le clearings hōla lihlahla monokotsoai le joang. sebaka seo loketse ho fetisisa bakeng sa meru ea phaene-deciduous.

tshusumetso batho

Broadleaf le meru e tsoakiloeng bakeng sa nako e telele o ile a pepesa ho litšusumetso tse fapa-fapaneng ho batho. Ka lebaka leo, tse fapaneng tse ngata li fetohile ka tsela e hlollang: khōlō limela ka timetsoa ka ho feletseng kapa mokhoa o sa fellang kapa ka ho feletseng nkeloa sebaka ke mafika se mahareng. Joale bakiloeng tsa mefuta deciduous moru hore li ile tsa pholoha le tlas'a khatello e boima anthropogenic, na fapaneng liphetoho dibopeho limela. Mefuta e meng lahlehileng sebakeng sa bona metseng ea matsoalloa a moo hōle ka habitats anthropogenically khathatseha kapa hapa boemo ba intrazonal.

boemo ba leholimo

Boemo ba leholimo ha meru e tsoakiloeng ena lentsoe le akaretsang. E tšoauoa ke e batlang e mofuthu mariha (ka karolelano ho tloha 0 ho -16 °) le nako e telele hlabula (16-24 ° C) ha li bapisoa le libaka taiga. Selemo le selemo pula karolelano - 500-1000 limilimithara. E ho pharaletseng feta e le mouoane, e leng tšobotsi e sa tsau puso itlhatsoelitseng metsi. meru e tsoakiloeng na le tšobotsi e khethollang ke boemo bo phahameng ba sekoahelo joang. biomass bona e ka karolelano 2-3 likete lik'hilograma / hektare. matlakala maemo biomass hape feta taiga, Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho mosebetsi a phahameng ba microorganisms le, ho timetsoa ha lintho tse phelang tsoela haholo ka lebelo. Ka lebaka leo, meru e tsoakiloeng ba le botenya nyenyane le boemong ba e khōloanyane ea li bole kapele matlakala feta taiga conifer.

Mobu meru e tsoakiloeng

Mobu tsoakane meru tse sa tšoaneng. Cover ke toka Motley sebopeho. Ka naha ea East European Plain ke mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo oa mobu sod-podzolic. Ho e mosa ea mobu khale boroa podsolic le thehoa feela ho ba teng ha motsoali oa majoe loam mofuta. Sod-podzolic mobu o na le mohaho o tšoanang oa ho profil 'me mohaho o tšoanang. Ho fapana le podsolic ka massiveness matlakala (5 cm), le bokgoni ba boholoanyane brennan tsohle. 'Me e se phapang feela. Sod mobu podsolic tse eketsehileng phatlalletsoang humus fellang A1, eo e teng tlasa matlakala ka. ponahalo ea hae fapane le lera ya mobu podzolic. Karolong e ka holimo e na le rhizomes sward le mefuta sod. Horizon ka 'mala ka shades e fapaneng ya ea bohlooho,' me e na le sebopeho se sa tieang. Matla a lera - 5-20 cm,, humus lekana - ho fihlela ho 4%. Karolong e ka holimo ea mobu profil ya data e asiti. Le ho tebisa ya eba ho esita le tse nyenyane.

Mobu tsoakane meru sephara-leaved

Gray mobu moru tsoakane deciduous meru li thehoa libakeng tse hare ho naha. Russia, ba ile ba ba ba aba ho tloha karolong e ka European ho Transbaikalia. Ka sediments joalo mobu phunyeletse ho bolibeng khōloanyane. Leha ho le joalo, litafole metsi hangata tebileng haholo. Ka lebaka leo, wetting mobu ho boemong ba bona e tloaelehileng feela libakeng tse haholo e kolobisitsoeng.

Tsoakiloeng mobu moru ba molemo ho loketseng bakeng sa temo ho feta substrates taiga. Ka libaka tse ka boroa tsa karolo Europe la Russia naha lengwang etsang 45% ya sebakeng seo. Ikutloeleng leboea le taiga kabelo ea naha lengwang e butle-butle tsa fokotswa. Temo libakeng tsena e thata ka lebaka la matla leaching, waterlogging le mobu zavalunennosti. Ho fumana chai e ntle hloka e ngata manyolo.

Kakaretso litšobotsi tse sa liphoofolo le limela

Limela le liphoofolo tsa moru tsoakiloeng ke sa tšoaneng haholo. The mefuta e esita le boleng ba limela le liphoofolo tse tšoanang le feela ka morung e chesang e mongobo 'me ke lehae la tse jang tse ngata le herbivores. Mona lifate tse phahameng hōla metso bokotokwe le liphoofolo tse ling, ka meqhaka etsa lihlaha tsa linonyana ka metso burrow hlomella hares le liphokojoe, 'me ha le hole le ho otters nōka phela. Mefuta fapafapana libaka tsoakiloeng ke kholo haholo. Ebe phutholohile e le baahi ba taiga le meru deciduous, le moru-baahi. Ba bang ba ba falimehile selemo ho pota, 'me e mong bakeng sa ea mariha hibernate. Limela le liphoofolo tse ha meru e tsoakiloeng ba le kamano e phelisana. herbivores tse ngata fepa ka monokotsoai le e fapaneng, e leng se ka meru e tsoakiloeng haholo.

Lifate moru e tsoakiloeng

meru e tsoakiloeng-leaved ka 90% bopilwe lifate phaene le tse nyenyane-leaved mofuta. Broadleaf mefuta ha ho joalo lintho tse ngata. Hammoho le lifate tsa phaene ba hōla Aspen, birch, alder, moluoane, phagocyte. Birch entsoe ka tse fapaneng tsa mofuta ona ka ho fetisisa. E le busa, ba ile ba ba mahareng - e hōlileng ka ka mello moru, clearings le glades, khale sa sebelisoeng thite. Ka habitats bulehileng, meru joalo hantle o ile a qalella ka lilemo tsa pele tsa ho hōla ka potlako. Atolosa libakeng tsa bona tlatsetsa mesebetsi ea batho.

meru phaene-deciduous bopilwe haholo-holo tsa lifate kalse mohbat, lindens, phaene, dieike, elms, elms, maples, 'me libakeng tse le ka boroa-bophirimela ea Russia Federation - beech, molora le hornbeam. Lifate tšoanang, empa mefuta ea moo e hōle ka Bochabela bo Hōle, hammoho le morara, Manchurian lepa le lifate tsa morara. Ka litsela tse ngata, ea ho hlophisoa le sebopeho ea ho hōla setokong meru phaene-deciduous mofuta itšetlehile ka maemo a klimate, sebopeho, mobu le hydrological puso ea sebakeng se itseng. Karolong e ka Leboea Caucasus e laoloa ke eike, phaene, maple leaf, kalse mohbat le mefuta e meng e. Empa tse sa tšoaneng ka ho fetisisa ho hlophisoa ke Hōle Bochabela meru phaene-deciduous mofuta. Di thehoa ka phaene kedare, Khingan kalse mohbat, phaene ayyanskoy, 'maloa mefuta e meng ea maple leaf, Manchurian molora, Mongolian eike, Amur Linden le boletsoeng ka holimo mefuta letsoalloa la limela.

Mefuta e tšoane ha liphoofolo

From herbivores kgolo ka tsoakiloeng meru Elk, bison, likolobe, likhama le Sika likhama (imported le ikamahanya le maemo foromo). From qothomang liprotheine joale moru marten, ermine, Beaver, chipmunks, Otter, litoeba, lipela, mink, ferrets ntsho. meru e tsoakiloeng ata le mefuta e mengata ea linonyana. Mona ke ba bangata ba bona, empa eseng kaofela: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, fieldfare, goshawk, Hazel grouse, bullfinch, Nightingale, cuckoo, hoopoe, ea bohlooho Crane, goldfinches, woodpecker, grouse, Finch. More kapa tse jang tlase kgolo hlahiswa liphiri, Kangna le liphokojoe. meru e tsoakiloeng ke hape lapeng ho mebutlanyana (hares le hares), mekholutsoane, hedgehogs, linoha, lihohoana le libere sootho.

Li-mushroom le monokotsoai

Frutos tse hlahisoang Blueberry, raspberry, Cranberry, Cranberry, bb, ciliegia, fragola, bramble, elderberry, Rowan, Cranberry, rosehips, Hawthorn. Meru ea mofuta ona ke li-mushroom tse ngata tse jeoang: Aspen, tšoeu theko, chanterelles, russula, li-mushroom, li-mushroom, botoro li-mushroom, volnushki blewits tse sa tšoaneng, bolete, Mokhovikov, li-mushroom 'me ba bang. E mong oa kotsi ka ho fetisisa toadstools chefo ke macromycetes le lerootho toadstool.

lihlahla

Russia meru e tsoakiloeng ata lihlahla. Le litekanyetso undergrowth tsela e sa tloaelehang pele. Bakeng sa eike tiileng tšoauoa ke boteng ba Hazel, sefate leakage radiation, phiri Laka, Honeysuckle patsi, 'me ka libaka tse ka leboea - alder buckthorn. Ka metshetshe le ka meru bulehileng hola rosehips. Ka meru ea phaene le tse sephara-leaved mofuta kopana lianoobraznye dimela: Calystegia sepium, hopose hloa, bohloko.

litlama

A ho fapafapana le leholo la mefuta e, hammoho le e rarahaneng sebopeho paatsepama na joang bo meru e tsoakiloeng (haholo-holo phaene le sephara-leaved mofuta). The atileng ka ho fetisisa le ho pharaletseng a emela sehlopha - e mesophilic dimela boitšoaro bo bobe. Har'a bona ke baemeli ba Oakwood. Ke semela eo lekhasi poleiti e na le bophara mohlomong. Tsena li akarelletsa: Mercurialis perennis, fatše moholo, Lungwort, khahla ea phula, European Wild Ginger, hairy sedge, Zelenchuk mosehla, chickweed lanceolate, sochevnik (Black le selemo), bopherese hlollang. Lijo-thollo ba emeloang Asherah bluegrass, fescue seqhenqha, moru lehlaka joang, Brachypodium pinnatum, boron le ba bang ba tse ling tsa hasana. Flat ya data makhasi ea limela ke le khetho ho tloaela meru itseng fitosrede phaene-deciduous.

Ho phaella ho mefuta tsena perennial ka disete ya data ba boetse ba ile a fumana lihlopha joang bo ephemeral. nako ea eona ho hōla, ba ile ba ba isoa ho ea selemo nako, ha mabone lebetsoeng le. Hang qhibiliha ea lehloa, e leng sexton ka bokhabane ephemeroids foromo k'hapete ea Anemones mosehla le khantsi liqha hohlatok pherese le type genus pherese-prolesok. dimela tsena ea ka potoloho bophelo bakeng sa banyalani ba bang ba libeke tse, 'me ha makhasi a lifate le thunya, karolo ea bona teleskopbomlift qetellong ba e-shoa. Bohloko ea nako ba ba tlas'a lera ea mobu ka tubers, bulbs le rhizomes.