Makgetheng, tšimoloho, merabe, 'me linnete tse thahasellisang: Zyrians mang

Russia - e tletse merabe-rabe muso, e kopantsoe ka qetello tloaelehile hore batho ba le histori ea lipuo tse makholo tsa lihlopha tsa merabe. Lebaka la sena e-ba hoo e ka bang e tsoelang pele tshebetso ya ho ikopanya le tsa libakeng tse ncha nakong ea sebopeho le ntshetsopele ya mmuso Serussia. Ho feta moo, ho kena ea libakeng tse ncha, e ke tloaelehileng maemong a mangata ho etsahala ka boithaopo.

ke bo-mang Zyryanov (Komi)? batho ba hoo e ka bang 300000th phelang ka Bophirimela Siberia, Northern le Europe Bochabela. Merabe Thuto ke fapaneng puo le setso tsa boitsebahatso, lineano tsa bona le setso e ikhethang. lebaka le utloahalang li ne li bitsoa "Maamerika a Russia" kapa "North Bajuda."

Ho se tšoane merabe ea Serussia

Merabe le setso ho fapafapana ho Russia e finyelloa ka motsoako oa batho ba seo ho thoeng ke matsoalloa (baahi hore phela libakeng tse itseng pele ho ho fihla ha bajaki), batho ba tsoang boahelani Union lirephabliki (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Lithuanians, 'me joalo-joalo. D.)' Me lihlopha tse nyenyane tsa batho ba merabe, ka boholo ba ka ntle ho Russia (Hungarians, Czechs, Vietnamesisch, Serbs, Baassyria ba le ba bang) phelang. Ya e le hantle, ka ho fetisisa mebala-bala le kholo ka ho fetisisa sehlopha ke lichaba Matsoalloa.

Brief Zyryanov: ba ba?

Zyrians ke eng? toba More ba leng sona? Zyryanov boleloang hore ke thuto ea merabe, e leng ho fihlela letsatsing lena o 'nile ka palo e tlaase karolong ea naha ea Federation le Serussia. Ho fihlela ho 1917 ho ne ho sechaba sena se eme ka sebaka sa pele har'a lichaba matsoalloa a puso ea Russia, thuto ea bona e ne e le ea bobeli feela ho Bajuda, 'me likhoebo le setso zyryan ka mokhoa o amohelehang le ipabolang ho lichaba tse ling Maslav. Ka nako e tšoanang palo ea baahi ba e boetse e nkoa e le ea Serussia, 't. E. The matsoalloa tsa Russia. Ka par, le eo, e le se bontšitse, zyryan bitsoa "Bajuda ba North" kapa "Maamerika a Russia".

Phalliso 'me palo ea lichaba

Zyrians mang, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho bona hore botšepehi, re sa nahanisisa ka palo ea tsona le sebaka sa ho fedisa. lintlha tsena haholo susumetsa ntshetsopele ya thuto ea merabe ka kakaretso: a lichaba tse seng kae butle-butle shoa ka ntle, ba siea feela leqephe historing 'me naha ea bolulo o itšetlehile ka bophelo ba baahi. Hore, ho ea ka Karla Marksa, le eena, a etsang qeto ea hore ka ilibana, setso e akaretsang ea batho.

Kajeno palo ea zyryan haufi-ufi le lichaba tse nyenyane lefatšeng ka bophara fihla ka bang 400 tse sekete. Man. Palo e hlollang ea bona hona joale ba phela libakeng tse moo Zyrians qala ho hlaha, ke hore. E. Ka Russia. A sehlopha se senyenyane sa batho (holimonyana feela ho tse 1,500) tlalehiloeng ka Ukraine.

Ha re bua ka litho pele la thuto ea merabe, palo ea zyryan linakong tse sa tšoaneng tsa ntshetsopele ea histori ea tshepahalo tsebahalang. Lumela mehloli e ngotsoeng ea boholo-holo, ya e le hantle, ho khoneha, empa e boetse ke hlokomela hore boitsebiso bo fosahetseng e atisa ho fumanoa ho eona. About Zyryanov tšoanang le sa ka la bua ka litaba le litokomane tse ling tse ho fihlela 1865, ha e ile ea hatisoa, "nteterwana lethathamo la batho ba phelang ka Serussia Muso."

Ba Zyryanov (esita le ka nako eo batho ba ne ba ka thōko e ka thoko morabe) le se palo ea bona libakeng tse ling tsa lichaba ho phela Russia ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX, ho ile a re ka tsoa mohloling ona.

Ho ea ka "lethathamo nteterwana ba lichaba ..." Zyrians ne 120 tse sekete. Man. Ba lula haholo-holo ka counties nyane Arkhangelsk, Perm le Vologda. ). Sebakeng fedisa zyryan lebitso boholo-holo Arimaspeya (buka ea lebitso tšoanang tse ngotsoeng ke e mong oa bangoli ba Greece ea boholo-holo, empa ena mohloding tsa histori, ka bomalimabe, ha ba pholoha ho matsatsi a rona - ho seng joalo e ke ho ka etsahala hore tokomane eo ho ka bula le karolo e khōlō ea histori ea zyryan ea boholo-holo ).

E pharaletseng pele Zyrians batho hlokahala kajeno, esita le ka ho hopola ethnos sa hoo e batlang e ha ho hlakile efe kapa efe e ne e le ea ka neano e neng e ka lefella bakeng sa lebaka la ho hloka oa boitsebiso ba histori.

Anthropology le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sechaba

Pota ka nako e tšoanang, ha e ile ea hatisoa, "nteterwana lethathamo la lichaba ..." ka "Brockhaus le Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" e hlalosa ponahalo ea baemeli ba merabe: Zyrians kajeno (e bolelang qetello ea XIX - mathoasong a XX lekholong la lilemo la) fapana le molao wa motheo wa matla. Ba le phahameng seaplane, le moriri o ho fetisisa ba batsho le ba lefifi sootho kapa mahlo a ea bohlooho. Telele batho blond ka mahlo a maputsoa a sa tloaelehang har'a Zyrians batho.

ponahalo ea bona e bontša hore zyryan (hammoho le mehleng ea kajeno baemeli ba morabe) fapana bophelo bo botle le mokoka.

Ka nako e tšoanang boko karolelano zyryan ho feta boko Slavs 20-30 dikgerama. Ho ne a tsejoa pele phetohelo eo, mohloli oa boitsebiso - "Brockhaus le Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary", e hatisitsoeng ka 1890-1907, ka ho latellana. The zyryan phalliso kamehla ne a mangata likolo le lilaebrari, ho feta libakeng tse ling tsa Serussia North. Ba ile ba boela ba kopanela likhama alosa, ho tsoma le ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho lema. "Ka Letsoalo" zyryan ntshetsopeleng ya Siberia le Bochabela bo Hōle. E ne e ba ba atlehe ho fetisisa tsa kgwebo ya pakeng tsa Siberia le Moscow.

Merabe histori zyryan

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, nako ea rōna e na le mehloli e 'maloa e ka fana ka karabelo e qaqileng ka makhetlo a tsekoang. Ke mang ea ke Zyrians ha e le hantle, ba ile ba bonahala eka thuto hlaheletseng merabe ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea histori - re ka hakanya feela, a bua ka monyang e khutšoanyane ea mehloli e sa tšoaneng tsa histori tse ngotsweng.

E o tsejoa hore Zyrians pele leo ho ahiloeng ho e le mabopong a ea Volga (ka confluence ea Oka le Kama) lekholong la BC bobeli. Batla hamorao e ile a qala phalliso ea lichaba ho ea ka leboea, 'me ka makholo a lilemo IV-VIII. n g. e. Ba le baahi tšimo moo litloholo tsa bona phela kajeno. Hamorao Zyrians pele lithuto tsa, ho tloha matleng a Novgorod tlasa matla a Moscow.

Ke lilemong tsa bo-XVIII ho tlatsa ho ba sethaleng sa sebopeho sa thuto ea merabe. Qala ho Board State of Education hlokahala nakong ea USSR, e ikemetseng sebakeng sa Komi (Zyrian) thehoa ka 1926. Ka nako eo, USSR ba ne ba lula ho se hokae ho feta 200 tse sekete. Zyrians baemeli ba sechaba. Republic zyryan lithulusi liphetoho tse 'maloa ka puo ea khale ka nako ea ho tloha ka 1926 ho fihlela ka 1992. Ho fihlela joale, ka karolo e Russia ba sebakeng seo tlas'a lebitso la Rephabliki ea Komi.

Culture Komi bochaba

Boima kabo har'a zyryan ho tloha mehleng ea boholo-holo o ne a mesebetsi ea matsoho e le ho betla mapolanka. Sena ke amana le ho penta le bonono lijaneng tse betliloeng tse pontšo ea setso Zyrian (Komi). Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea roka ka tloaelo bile ho loha le khabisitsoeng. Morabe o lefang re lebise tlhokomelo e khōlō ho na le pholiso setso. Litsomong ke haholo-holo ka tsela e tšoanang ho setsong Serussia.

puo Komi-Zyrian

Puo ea bochaba Zyrians - Komi-Zyryan - ke ea puo Finno-Ugric lelapa le e arotsoe maleme a mangata. Ka puo ea kajeno Russia letsoalloa Komi-Zyrian bitsoa 1560 feela likete Baemeli. Sechaba, e leng hoo e ka bang halofo ea palo yohle baahi ba Komi-Zyrian.

A palo e fokolang ea baemeli ba thuto ea merabe rerang puo Komi-Zyrian letsoalloa Ukraine (4, th. Batho) le Kazakhstan (1.5 sakir.).

Tšimoloho ea mabitso a batho le

Tšimoloho ea lebitso "Zyrians" ntse ke sebele ha ho hlake. Ho na le likhopolo tse 'maloa mabapi le qaleho ea ethnonym ho:

• ho tswa ho Russia leetsi "zyrit" kapa "Zira", e bolelang "ho noa ho tlōla";
• ka ho fetisisa utloahala tlhahiso - ho tloha leetsi "zyrny" - "bongata bo tsoa", ke hore, Zyrians toba le bolela ". lelekoa batho ba bang ba" .;
• ), т. е. “народ, опивающийся национальным напитком”; ho tswa lebitso la ea boholo-holo ea biri ( "Sur"), ke hore, "batho, opivayuschiysya seno ea sechaba" ..;
• obschepermskogo ke "Sarah" - monna (mehloli ea histori li bontša hore hang ipitsa Zyrians suryane, syryane, joalo-joalo ...).

Ha e le likhopolong ho utloahala ka qaleho ea ethnonym e, e boetse e tiisoa ke 'nete ea hore Zyryanov bitsoa Komi naha le Finns. Ka puo ea bona lebitso la bolela "borderlands" le "Perm" - "naheng e hōle". Hantle Komi phelang sebakeng Perm, ile a qala ho bitsa Zyryanov. Kajeno, bo-rasaense ba arolelana Komi-Zyrian le Komi-Perm.

Le tlotla "Komi" boemo boo e hlakile ho feta. E nkoa e le hara setjhaba saense hore ho ne ho ba le lebitso la Kama noka (khr, ka ho toba "monna ea lulang mabōpong tsa Kama River" ..) Kapa ho tloha prapermskogo "Song" - ". Monna, monna"

Komi kapa Zyrians: joang?

Hasa bolela hore Zyrians le Komi - sena ke e 'ngoe le batho ba tsoanang. Ha e le hantle, ka tsela ena, empa esita le mona u ka fumana ba bang ba likhanyetsano. Zyryanov - ena ke mofuta o le mong feela oa merabe Komi, ho na le boetse ho na le tse tšoanang le lichaba tse (Permian, ho etsa mohlala).

E 'ngoe ea litaba tsa linako tsa boholo-holo e RUS lebitso la ea fokolang morabe susumelletseha ho batho bohle ba phelang ka Siberia. Ethnonym metse ka metso ka lilemo tse makholo 'me ho ne ho le pherekano. Kajeno toka e ea histori e tsosolositsoeng le e nkeloa sebaka ke lebitso pele ea lebitso la tloaelehile hore batho ba "Komi", empa nakong e fetileng ba ne ba bitsoa Zyrians.

Moo baemeli ba batho ba phelang kajeno?

Kajeno, palo ea Komi-Zyrian Russia batlang e fihla 200 tse sekete. Man. Morao-rao Zyrians tloaelo lula tšimong ea Republic of Komi. Sebopeho merabe ea rephabliki eo ba neng ba etsa 23,7% ea baahi (65% - Russia), ba bangata ba lula libakeng tsa mahaeng.

lihlopha tse nyenyane tsa lichaba tse phelang ka Murmansk, Kirov, Omsk, Arkhangelsk le libakeng tse ling Russia. Haufi le Zyrians sebopeho merabe (Komi Permiaks) concentrated sebakeng Perm.

palo ea lichaba tse e ka potlako ho fokolloa ka maemo a morao-rao. Ha sechaba sefe lenaneng la ka 2002 "Komi lichaba" o ile a bontša 293 tse sekete. Serussia baahi, ha a ntse a 2010 palo e lekanang e ne e le batho 228 tse sekete. Zyryanov (Komi) ke batho le kotsing ea Russia.